[光学手册卷III].Handbook.of.Optics,Third.Edition.pdf

Handbook of Optics. Volume III. Vision and Vision Optics

ABOUT THE EDITORS
Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Michael Bass is professor emeritus at CREOL, The College of Optics and
Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.
Associate Editors:
Dr.  Casimer  M.  DeCusatis  is  a  distinguished  engineer  and  technical  executive  with  IBM
Corporation.
Dr. Jay M. Enoch is dean emeritus and professor at the School of Optometry at the University
of California, Berkeley.
Dr. Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan is professor of Optometry, Physics, and Electrical Engineering
at the University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Dr. Guifang Li is a professor at CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of
Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.
Dr. Carolyn MacDonald is a professor at the University at Albany, and director of the Center
for X-Ray Optics.
Dr. Virendra N. Mahajan is a distinguished scientist at The Aerospace Corporation.
Dr. Eric Van Stryland is a professor at CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University
of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.

CONTENTS
Contributors         xiii
Brief Contents of All Volumes         xv
Editors’ Preface         xxi
Preface to Volume III         xxiii
Glossary and Fundamental Constants         xxvii
Chapter 1.  Optics of the Eye  Neil Charman  1.1
1.1      Glossary    /    1.1
1.2      Introduction    /    1.3
1.3      Ocular Parameters and Ametropia    /    1.4
1. 4     Ocular Transmittance and Retinal Illuminance    /    1.8
1.5      Factors Affecting In-Focus Retinal Image Quality    /    1.12
1.6      Final Retinal Image Quality    /    1.21
1.7      Depth-of-Focus and Accommodation    /    1.28
1.8      Eye Models    /    1.36
1.9      Two Eyes and Stereopsis    /    1.38
1.10    Movements of the Eyes    /    1.42
1.11    Conclusion    /    1.45
1.12    References    /    1.45
Chapter 2.  Visual Performance  Wilson S. Geisler
                      and Martin S. Banks  2.1
2.1      Glossary    /    2.1
2.2      Introduction    /    2.2
2.3      Optics, Anatomy, Physiology of the Visual System    /    2.2
2.4      Visual Performance    /    2.14
2.5      Acknowledgments    /    2.41
2.6      References    /    2.42
Chapter 3.  Psychophysical Methods  Denis G. Pelli and Bart Farell     3.1
3.1      Introduction    /    3.1
3.2      Defi nitions    /    3.2
3.3      Visual Stimuli    /    3.3
3.4      Adjustments    /    3.4
3.5      Judgments    /    3.6
           Magnitude Estimation    /    3.8
3.6      Stimulus Sequencing    /    3.9
3.7      Conclusion    /    3.9
3.8      Tips from the Pros    /    3.10
3.9      Acknowledgments    /    3.10
3.10    References    /    3.10
Chapter 4.  Visual Acuity and Hyperacuity  Gerald Westheimer        4.1
4.1      Glossary    /    4.1
4.2      Introduction    /    4.2
4.3      Stimulus Specifi cations     /    4.2
4.4      Optics of the Eye’s Resolving Capacity    /    4.4
4.5      Retinal Limitations—Receptor Mosaic and Tiling of Neuronal Receptive Fields    /    4.5
4.6      Determination of Visual Resolution Thresholds    /    4.6
4.7      Kinds of Visual Acuity Tests    /    4.7
4.8      Factors Affecting Visual Acuity    /    4.9
4.9      Hyperacuity    /    4.14
4.10    Resolution, Superresolution, and Information Theory    /    4.15
4.11    Summary    /    4.16
4.12    References    /    4.16
Chapter 5.  Optical Generation of the Visual
                   Stimulus  Stephen A. Burns and Robert H. Webb  5.1
5.1      Glossary    /    5.1
5.2      Introduction    /    5.1
5.3      The Size of the Visual Stimulus    /    5.2
5.4      Free or Newtonian Viewing    /    5.2
5.5      Maxwellian Viewing    /    5.4
5.6      Building an Optical System    /    5.8
5.7      Light Exposure and Ocular Safety    /    5.18
5.8      Light Sources    /    5.19
5.9      Coherent Radiation    /    5.19
5.10    Detectors    /    5.21
5.11    Putting It Together    /    5.21
5.12    Conclusions    /    5.24
5.13    Acknowledgments    /    5.24
5.14    General References    /    5.25
5.15    References    /    5.26
Chapter 6.  The Maxwellian View: with an Addendum
                   on Apodization  Gerald Westheimer  6.1
6.1      Glossary    /    6.1
6.2      Introduction    /    6.2
6.3      Postscript (2008)    /    6.13
Chapter 7.  Ocular Radiation Hazards  David H. Sliney  7.1
7.1       Glossary    /    7.1
7.2      Introduction    /    7.2
7.3      Injury Mechanisms    /    7.2
7.4      Types of Injury    /    7.3
7.5      Retinal Irradiance Calculations    /    7.7
7.6      Examples    /    7.8
7.7      Exposure Limits    /    7.9
7.8      Discussion    /    7.11
7.9      References    /    7.15
Chapter 8.  Biological Waveguides
Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan and Jay M. Enoch  8.1
8.1      Glossary    /    8.1
8.2      Introduction    /    8.2
8.3      Waveguiding in Retinal Photoreceptors and the Stiles-Crawford Effect    /    8.3
8.4      Waveguides and Photoreceptors    /    8.3
8.5      Photoreceptor Orientation and Alignment    /    8.5
8.6      Introduction to the Models and Theoretical Implications    /    8.8
8.7      Quantitative Observations of Single Receptors    /    8.15
8.8      Waveguide Modal Patterns Found in Monkey/Human Retinal Receptors    /    8.19
8.9      Light Guide Effect in Cochlear Hair Cells and Human Hair    /    8.24
8.10    Fiber-Optic Plant Tissues    /    8.26
8.11    Sponges    /    8.28
8.12    Summary    /    8.29
8.13    References    /    8.29
Chapter 9.  The Problem of Correction for the Stiles-Crawford
                    Effect of the First Kind in Radiometry and
                    Photometry, a Solution  Jay M. Enoch and
                      Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan  9.1
9.1      Glossary    /    9.1
9.2      Introduction    /    9.2
9.3      The Problem and an Approach to Its Solution    /    9.3
9.4      Sample Point-by-Point Estimates of SCE-1 and Integrated SCE-1 Data     /    9.6
9.5      Discussion    /    9.13
9.6       Teleological and Developmental Factors     /    9.14
9.7      Conclusions    /    9.14
9.8      References    /    9.15
Chapter 10.  Colorimetry  David H. Brainard and Andrew Stockman   10.1
10.1    Glossary    /    10.1
10.2    Introduction    /    10.2
10.3    Fundamentals of Colorimetry    /    10.3
10.4    Color Coordinate Systems    /    10.11
10.5    Matrix Representations and Calculations    /    10.24
10.6    Topics    /    10.32
10.7    Appendix—Matrix Algebra    /    10.45
10.8    References    /    10.49
Chapter 11.  Color Vision Mechanisms  Andrew Stockman and
                        David H. Brainard  11.1
11.1    Glossary    /    11.1
11.2    Introduction    /    11.3
11.3    Basics of Color-Discrimination Mechanisms    /    11.9
11.4    Basics of Color-Appearance Mechanisms    /    11.26
11.5    Details and Limits of the Basic Model    /    11.31
11.6    Conclusions    /    11.79
11.7    Acknowledgments    /    11.85
11.8    References    /    11.86
Chapter 12.  Assessment of Refraction and Refractive
                     Errors and Their Infl uence on Optical
                     Design  B. Ralph Chou  12.1
12.1    Glossary    /    12.1
12.2    Introduction    /    12.3
12.3    Refractive Errors    /    12.3
12.4    Assessment of Refractive Error    /    12.5
12.5    Correction of Refractive Error    /    12.8
12.6    Binocular Factors    /    12.15
12.7    Consequences for Optical Design    /    12.17
12.8    References    /    12.17
Chapter 13.  Binocular Vision Factors That Infl uence
                     Optical Design  Clifton Schor  13.1
13.1    Glossary    /    13.1
13.2    Combining the Images in the Two Eyes into One Perception of the Visual Field    /    13.3
13.3    Distortion of Space by Monocular Magnifi cation    /    13.13
13.4    Distortion of Space Perception from Interocular Aniso-Magnifi cation
           (Unequal Binocular Magnifi cation)    /    13.16
13.5    Distortions of Space from Convergence Responses to Prism    /    13.19
13.6    Eye Movements    /    13.19
13.7    Coordination and Alignment of the Two Eyes    /    13.20
13.8    Effects of Lenses and Prism on Vergence and Phoria    /    13.25
13.9    Prism-Induced Errors of Eye Alignment    /    13.27
13.10  Head and Eye Responses to Direction (Gaze Control)    /    13.29
13.11  Focus and Responses to Distance     /    13.30
13.12  Video Head Sets, Head’s Up Displays and Virtual Reality: Impact on Binocular Vision    /    13.31
13.13  References    /    13.35
Chapter 14.  Optics and Vision of the Aging Eye  John S. Werner,
                         Brooke E. Schefrin, and Arthur Bradley  14.1
14.1    Glossary    /    14.1
14.2    Introduction    /    14.2
14.3    The Graying of the Planet    /    14.2
14.4    Senescence of the Eye’s Optics    /    14.4
14.5    Senescent Changes in Vision    /    14.14
14.6    Age-Related Ocular Diseases Affecting Visual Function    /    14.22
14.7    The Aging World from the Optical Point of View: Presbyopic Corrections    /    14.27
14.8    Conclusions    /    14.30
14.9    Acknowledgments    /    14.30
14.10  References    /    14.30
Chapter 15.  Adaptive Optics in Retinal Microscopy
                     and Vision  Donald T. Miller and Austin Roorda  15.1
15.1    Glossary    /    15.1
15.2    Introduction    /    15.2
15.3    Properties of Ocular Aberrations    /    15.4
15.4    Implementation of AO    /    15.7
15.5    Application of AO to the Eye    /    15.15
15.6    Acknowledgments    /    15.24
15.7    References    /    15.24
Chapter 16.  Refractive Surgery, Correction of Vision, PRK
                     and LASIK  L. Diaz-Santana and Harilaos Ginis  16.1
16.1    Glossary    /    16.1
16.2    Introduction    /    16.2
16.3    Refractive Surgery Modalities    /    16.9
16.4    Laser Ablation    /    16.15
16.5    Acknowledgments    /    16.19
16.6    References    /    16.19
Chapter 17.  Three-Dimensional Confocal Microscopy
                     of the Living Human Cornea  Barry R. Masters          17.1
17.1    Glossary    /    17.1
17.2    Introduction     /    17.3
17.3    Theory of Confocal Microscopy    /    17.3
17.4    The Development of Confocal Instruments    /    17.3
17.5    The Scanning Slit and Laser Scanning Clinical Confocal Microscopes    /    17.6
17.6    Clinical Applications of Confocal Microscopy    /    17.8
17.7    Perspectives    /    17.9
17.8    Summary    /    17.10
17.9    Acknowledgments    /    17.10
17.10  References    /    17.10
Chapter 18.  Diagnostic Use of Optical Coherence
                     Tomography in the Eye  Johannes F. de Boer  18.1
18.1    Glossary    /    18.1
18.2    Introduction    /    18.2
18.3    Principle of OCT: Time Domain OCT    /    18.3
18.4    Principle of OCT: Spectral Domain OCT    /    18.5
18.5    Principle of OCT: Optical Frequency Domain Imaging    /    18.7
18.6    SD-OCT Versus OFDI    /    18.9
18.7    Sensitivity Advantage of SD-OCT Over TD-OCT    /    18.9
18.8    Noise Analysis of SD-OCT Using Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs)    /    18.9
18.9    Signal to Noise Ratio and Autocorrelation Noise    /    18.11
18.10  Shot-Noise-Limited Detection    /    18.12
18.11  Depth Dependent Sensitivity    /    18.13
18.12  Motion Artifacts and Fringe Washout    /    18.15
18.13  OFDI at 1050 NM    /    18.15
18.14  Functional Extensions: Doppler OCT and Polarization Sensitive OCT    /    18.18
18.15  Doppler OCT and Phase Stability    /    18.18
18.16  Polarization Sensitive OCT (PS-OCT)    /    18.20
18.17  PS-OCT in Ophthalmology    /    18.24
18.18  Retinal Imaging with SD-OCT    /    18.27
18.19  Conclusion    /    18.29
18.20  Acknowledgment    /    18.30
18.21  References    /    18.30
Chapter 19.  Gradient Index Optics in the Eye
Barbara K. Pierscionek  19.1
19.1    Glossary    /    19.1
19.2    Introduction    /    19.2
19.3    The Nature of an Index Gradient    /    19.2
19.4    Spherical Gradients    /    19.2
19.5    Radial Gradients     /    19.3
19.6    Axial Gradients    /    19.5
19.7    The Eye Lens    /    19.5
19.8    Fish    /    19.6
19.9    Octopus    /    19.7
19.10  Rat    /    19.7
19.11  Guinea Pig    /    19.8
19.12  Rabbit    /    19.8
19.13  Cat    /    19.9
19.14  Bovine    /    19.9
19.15  Pig    /    19.11
19.16  Human/primate    /    19.12
19.17  Functional Considerations    /    19.14
19.18  Summary    /    19.15
19.19  References    /    19.15
Chapter 20.  Optics of Contact Lenses  Edward S. Bennett           20.1
20.1    Glossary    /    20.1
20.2    Introduction    /    20.2
20.3    Contact Lens Material, Composition, and Design Parameters    /    20.3
20.4    Contact Lens Power    /    20.6
20.5    Other Design Considerations    /    20.20
20.6    Convergence and Accommodation Effects    /    20.25
20.7    Prismatic Effects    /    20.30
20.8    Magnifi cation    /    20.31
20.9    Summary    /    20.34
20.10  Acknowledgments     /    20.34
20.11  References    /    20.34
Chapter 21.  Intraocular Lenses  Jim Schwiegerling  21.1
21.1    Glossary    /    21.1
21.2    Introduction    /    21.2
21.3    Cataract Surgery    /    21.4
21.4    Intraocular Lens Design    /    21.5
21.5    Intraocular Lens Side Effects    /    21.20
21.6    Summary    /    21.22
21.7    References    /    21.22
Chapter 22.  Displays for Vision Research  William Cowan  22.1
22.1    Glossary    /    22.1
22.2    Introduction    /    22.2
22.3    Operational Characteristics of Color Monitors    /    22.3
22.4    Colorimetric Calibration of Video Monitors    /    22.20
22.5    An Introduction to Liquid Crystal Displays    /    22.34
22.6    Acknowledgments    /    22.40
22.7    References    /    22.40
Chapter 23.  Vision Problems at Computers  Jeffrey Anshel
                        and James E. Sheedy  23.1
23.1    Glossary    /    23.1
23.2    Introduction    /    23.4
23.3    Work Environment    /    23.4
23.4    Vision and Eye Conditions    /    23.9
23.5    References    /    23.12
Chapter 24.  Human Vision and Electronic Imaging
Bernice E. Rogowitz, Thrasyvoulos N. Pappas,
                        and Jan P. Allebach
24.1
24.1    Introduction    /    24.1
24.2    Early Vision Approaches: The Perception of Imaging Artifacts    /    24.2
24.3    Higher-Level Approaches: The Analysis of Image Features    /    24.6
24.4    Very High-Level Approaches: The Representation of Aesthetic and Emotional Characteristics    /    24.9
24.5    Conclusions    /    24.10
24.6    Additional Information on Human Vision and Electronic Imaging    /    24.11
24.7    References    /    24.11
Chapter 25.  Visual Factors Associated with Head-mounted
                     Displays  Brian H. Tsou and Martin Shenker
25.1
25.1    Glossary    /    25.1
25.2    Introduction    /    25.1
25.3    Common Design Considerations among All HMDs    /    25.2
25.4    Characterizing HMD    /    25.7
25.5    Summary    /    25.10
25.6    Appendix    /    25.10
25.7    Acknowledgments    /    25.12
25.8    References    /    25.12
Index   I.1

VOLUME III. VISION AND VISION OPTICS
Chapter 1.      Optics of the Eye  Neil Charman
Chapter 2.      Visual Performance  Wilson S. Geisler and Martin S. Banks
Chapter 3.      Psychophysical Methods  Denis G. Pelli and Bart Farell
Chapter 4.      Visual Acuity and Hyperacuity  Gerald Westheimer
Chapter 5.      Optical Generation of the Visual Stimulus  Stephen A. Burns and Robert H. Webb
Chapter 6.      The Maxwellian View with an Addendum on Apodization  Gerald Westheimer
Chapter 7.      Ocular Radiation Hazards  David H. Sliney
Chapter 8.      Biological Waveguides  Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan and Jay M. Enoch
Chapter 9.       The Problem of Correction for the Stiles-Crawford Effect of the First Kind in Radiometry and
Photometry, a Solution  Jay M. Enoch and Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan
Chapter 10.    Colorimetry  David H. Brainard and Andrew Stockman
Chapter 11.    Color Vision Mechanisms  Andrew Stockman and David H. Brainard
Chapter 12.     Assessment of Refraction and Refractive Errors and Their Influence on Optical Design
B. Ralph Chou
Chapter 13.    Binocular Vision Factors That Influence Optical Design  Clifton Schor
Chapter 14.    Optics and Vision of the Aging Eye  John S. Werner, Brooke E. Schefrin, and Arthur Bradley
Chapter 15.    Adaptive Optics in Retinal Microscopy and Vision  Donald T. Miller and Austin Roorda
Chapter 16.    Refractive Surgery, Correction of Vision, PRK, and LASIK  L. Diaz-Santana and Harilaos Ginis
Chapter 17.    Three-Dimensional Confocal Microscopy of the Living Human Cornea  Barry R. Masters
Chapter 18.    Diagnostic Use of Optical Coherence Tomography in the Eye  Johannes F. de Boer
Chapter 19.    Gradient Index Optics in the Eye  Barbara K. Pierscionek
Chapter 20.    Optics of Contact Lenses  Edward S. Bennett
Chapter 21.    Intraocular Lenses  Jim Schwiegerling
Chapter 22.    Displays for Vision Research  William Cowan
Chapter 23.    Vision Problems at Computers  Jeffrey Anshel and James E. Sheedy
Chapter 24.     Human Vision and Electronic Imaging  Bernice E. Rogowitz, Thrasyvoulos N. Pappas, and
Jan P. Allebach
Chapter 25.    Visual Factors Associated with Head-Mounted Displays  Brian H. Tsou and Martin Shenker

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