[光学手册卷I,II].Handbook.of.Optics,.Third.jpg

[光学手册卷I,II].Handbook.of.Optics,.Third.Edition.Volume.II.Design,.Fabrication.and.Testing,.Sources.and.Detectors,.Radiometry.and.Photometry

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CONTENTS
Contributors xvii
Brief Contents of All Volumes xix
Editors’ Preface xxv
Preface to Volume II xxvii
Glossary and Fundamental Constants xxix
Part 1. Design
Chapter 1. Techniques of First-Order Layout Warren J. Smith 1.3
1.1 Glossary / 1.3
1.2 First-Order Layout / 1.4
1.3 Ray-Tracing / 1.4
1.4 Two-Component Systems / 1.5
1.5 Afocal Systems / 1.7
1.6 Magnifi ers and Microscopes / 1.8
1.7 Afocal Attachments / 1.8
1.8 Field Lenses / 1.8
1.9 Condensers / 1.10
1.10 Zoom or Varifocal Systems / 1.11
1.11 Additional Rays / 1.12
1.12 Minimizing Component Power / 1.13
1.13 Is It a Reasonable Layout? / 1.13
1.14 Achromatism / 1.14
1.15 Athermalization / 1.15
Chapter 2. Aberration Curves in Lens Design Donald C. O’Shea
and Michael E. Harrigan 2.1
2.1 Glossary / 2.1
2.2 Introduction / 2.1
2.3 Transverse Ray Plots / 2.2
2.4 Field Plots / 2.4
2.5 Additional Considerations / 2.5
2.6 Summary / 2.6
2.7 References / 2.6
Chapter 3. Optical Design Software Douglas C. Sinclair 3.1
3.1 Glossary / 3.1
3.2 Introduction / 3.2
3.3 Lens Entry / 3.2
3.4 Evaluation / 3.8
3.5 Optimization / 3.16
3.6 Other Topics / 3.21
3.7 Buying Optical Design Software / 3.22
3.8 Summary / 3.24
3.9 References / 3.24
viii CONTENTS
Chapter 4. Optical Specifi cations Robert R. Shannon 4.1
4.1 Glossary / 4.1
4.2 Introduction / 4.1
4.3 Preparation of Optical Specifi cations / 4.5
4.4 Image Specifi cations / 4.6
4.5 Element Description / 4.8
4.6 Environmental Specifi cations / 4.10
4.7 Presentation of Specifi cations / 4.10
4.8 Problems with Specifi cation Writing / 4.11
4.9 References / 4.12
Chapter 5. Tolerancing Techniques Robert R. Shannon 5.1
5.1 Glossary / 5.1
5.2 Introduction / 5.1
5.3 Wavefront Tolerances / 5.3
5.4 Other Tolerances / 5.7
5.5 Starting Points / 5.8
5.6 Material Properties / 5.9
5.7 Tolerancing Procedures / 5.9
5.8 Problems in Tolerancing / 5.11
5.9 References / 5.11
Chapter 6. Mounting Optical Components Paul R. Yoder, Jr. 6.1
6.1 Glossary / 6.1
6.2 Introduction and Summary / 6.1
6.3 Mounting Individual Rotationally Symmetric Optics / 6.2
6.4 Multicomponent Lens Assemblies / 6.5
6.5 Mounting Windows and Domes / 6.11
6.6 Mounting Small Mirrors and Prisms / 6.11
6.7 Mounting Moderate-Sized Mirrors / 6.17
6.8 Contact Stresses in Optics / 6.21
6.9 Temperature Effects on Mounted Optics / 6.21
6.10 References / 6.25
Chapter 7. Control of Stray Light Robert P. Breault 7.1
7.1 Glossary / 7.1
7.2 Introduction / 7.1
7.3 Concepts / 7.2
7.4 Optical Software for Stray Light Analysis / 7.24
7.5 Methods / 7.27
7.6 Conclusion / 7.30
7.7 Sources of Information on Stray Light and Scattered Light / 7.31
7.8 References / 7.32
Chapter 8. Thermal Compensation Techniques
Philip J. Rogers and Michael Roberts 8.1
8.1 Glossary / 8.1
8.2 Introduction / 8.2
8.3 Homogeneous Thermal Effects / 8.2
8.4 Tolerable Homogeneous Temperature Change (No Compensation) / 8.5
8.5 Effect of Thermal Gradients / 8.6
8.6 Intrinsic Athermalization / 8.7
8.7 Mechanical Athermalization / 8.8
8.8 Optical Athermalization / 8.12
8.9 References / 8.15
CONTENTS ix
Part 2. Fabrication
Chapter 9. Optical Fabrication Michael P. Mandina 9.3
9.1 Introduction / 9.3
9.2 Material Forms of Supply / 9.3
9.3 Basic Steps in Spherical Optics Fabrication / 9.4
9.4 Plano Optics Fabrication / 9.7
9.5 Asphere Optics Fabrication / 9.7
9.6 Crystalline Optics / 9.8
9.7 Purchasing Optics / 9.9
9.8 Conclusion / 9.9
9.9 References / 9.9
Chapter 10. Fabrication of Optics by Diamond Turning
Richard L. Rhorer and Chris J. Evans 10.1
10.1 Glossary / 10.1
10.2 Introduction / 10.1
10.3 The Diamond-Turning Process / 10.2
10.4 The Advantages of Diamond Turning / 10.2
10.5 Diamond-Turnable Materials / 10.4
10.6 Comparison of Diamond Turning and Traditional Optical Fabrication / 10.6
10.7 Machine Tools for Diamond Turning / 10.6
10.8 Basic Steps in Diamond Turning / 10.8
10.9 Surface Finish of Diamond-Turned Optics / 10.9
10.10 Metrology of Diamond-Turned Optics / 10.12
10.11 Conclusions / 10.13
10.12 References / 10.14
Part 3. Testing
Chapter 11. Orthonormal Polynomials in Wavefront Analysis
Virendra N. Mahajan 11.3
Abstract / 11.3
11.1 Glossary / 11.3
11.2 Introduction / 11.4
11.3 Orthonormal Polynomials / 11.5
11.4 Zernike Circle Polynomials / 11.6
11.5 Zernike Annular Polynomials / 11.13
11.6 Hexagonal Polynomials / 11.21
11.7 Elliptical Polynomials / 11.21
11.8 Rectangular Polynomials / 11.27
11.9 Square Polynomials / 11.30
11.10 Slit Polynomials / 11.30
11.11 Aberration Balancing and Tolerancing, and Diffraction Focus / 11.30
11.12 Isometric, Interferometric, and PSF Plots for Orthonormal Aberrations / 11.36
11.13 Use of Circle Polynomials for Noncircular Pupils / 11.37
11.14 Discussion and Conclusions / 11.39
11.15 References / 11.40
Chapter 12. Optical Metrology Zacarías Malacara and
Daniel Malacara-Hernández 12.1
12.1 Glossary / 12.1
12.2 Introduction and Defi nitions / 12.2
x CONTENTS
12.3 Length and Straightness Measurements / 12.2
12.4 Angle Measurements / 12.10
12.5 Curvature and Focal Length Measurements / 12.17
12.6 References / 12.25
Chapter 13. Optical Testing Daniel Malacara-Hernández 13.1
13.1 Glossary / 13.1
13.2 Introduction / 13.1
13.3 Classical Noninterferometric Tests / 13.1
13.4 Interferometric Tests / 13.7
13.5 Increasing the Sensitivity of Interferometers / 13.13
13.6 Interferogram Evaluation / 13.14
13.7 Phase-Shifting Interferometry / 13.18
13.8 Measuring Aspherical Wavefronts / 13.23
13.9 References / 13.28
Chapter 14. Use of Computer-Generated Holograms in Optical
Testing Katherine Creath and James C. Wyant 14.1
14.1 Glossary / 14.1
14.2 Introduction / 14.1
14.3 Plotting CGHs / 14.3
14.4 Interferometers Using Computer-Generated Holograms / 14.4
14.5 Accuracy Limitations / 14.6
14.6 Experimental Results / 14.7
14.7 Discussion / 14.9
14.8 References / 14.9
Part 4. Sources
Chapter 15. Artifi cial Sources Anthony LaRocca 15.3
15.1 Glossary / 15.3
15.2 Introduction / 15.3
15.3 Radiation Law / 15.4
15.4 Laboratory Sources / 15.7
15.5 Commercial Sources / 15.13
15.6 References / 15.53
Chapter 16. Lasers William T. Silfvast 16.1
16.1 Glossary / 16.1
16.2 Introduction / 16.2
16.3 Laser Properties Associated with the Laser Gain Medium / 16.4
16.4 Laser Properties Associated with Optical Cavities or Resonators / 16.19
16.5 Special Laser Cavities / 16.25
16.6 Specifi c Types of Lasers / 16.29
16.7 References / 16.37
Chapter 17. Light-Emitting Diodes Roland H. Haitz,
M. George Craford, and Robert H. Weissman 17.1
17.1 Glossary / 17.1
17.2 Introduction / 17.2
17.3 Light-Generation Processes / 17.2
17.4 Light Extraction / 17.6
17.5 Device Structures / 17.8
CONTENTS xi
17.6 Material Systems / 17.15
17.7 Substrate Technology / 17.20
17.8 Epitaxial Technology / 17.21
17.9 Wafer Processing / 17.23
17.10 Led Quality and Reliability / 17.25
17.11 Led-Based Products / 17.29
17.12 References / 17.35
Chapter 18. High-Brightness Visible LEDs
Winston V. Schoenfeld 18.1
18.1 The Materials Systems / 18.1
18.2 Substrates and Epitaxial Growth / 18.2
18.3 Processing / 18.3
18.4 Solid-State Lighting / 18.4
18.5 Packaging / 18.5
Chapter 19. Semiconductor Lasers Pamela L. Derry,
Luis Figueroa, and Chi-Shain Hong 19.1
19.1 Glossary / 19.1
19.2 Introduction / 19.3
19.3 Applications for Semiconductor Lasers / 19.3
19.4 Basic Operation / 19.4
19.5 Fabrication and Confi gurations / 19.6
19.6 Quantum Well Lasers / 19.9
19.7 High-Power Semiconductor Lasers / 19.18
19.8 High-Speed Modulation / 19.30
19.9 Spectral Properties / 19.36
19.10 Surface-Emitting Lasers / 19.39
19.11 Conclusion / 19.41
19.12 References / 19.43
Chapter 20. Ultrashort Optical Sources and Applications
Jean-Claude Diels and Ladan Arissian 20.1
20.1 Introduction / 20.1
20.2 Description of Optical Pulses and Pulse Trains / 20.2
20.3 Pulse Evolution toward Steady State / 20.9
20.4 Coupling Circulating Pulses Inside a Cavity / 20.12
20.5 Designs of Cavities with Two Circulating Pulses / 20.15
20.6 Analogy of a Two-Level System / 20.22
20.7 Conclusion / 20.28
20.8 References / 20.28
Chapter 21. Attosecond Optics Zenghu Chang 21.1
21.1 Glossary / 21.1
21.2 Introduction / 21.2
21.3 The Driving Laser / 21.4
21.4 Attosecond Pulse Generation / 21.6
21.5 Attosecond Pulse Characterization / 21.8
21.6 Acknowledgments / 21.10
21.7 References / 21.10
Chapter 22. Laser Stabilization John L. Hall,
Matthew S. Taubman, and Jun Ye 22.1
22.1 Introduction and Overview / 22.1
22.2 Servo Principles and Issues / 22.5
xii CONTENTS
22.3 Practical Issues / 22.12
22.4 Summary and Outlook / 22.23
22.5 Conclusions and Recommendations / 22.24
22.6 Acknowledgments / 22.24
22.7 References / 22.24
Chapter 23. Quantum Theory of the Laser János A. Bergou,
Berthold-Georg Englert, Melvin Lax, Marian O. Scully,
Herbert Walther, and M. Suhail Zubairy 23.1
23.1 Glossary / 23.1
23.2 Introduction / 23.5
23.3 Some History of the Photon Concept / 23.6
23.4 Quantum Theory of the Laser / 23.14
23.5 The Laser Phase-Transition Analogy / 23.35
23.6 Exotic Masers and Lasers / 23.40
23.7 Acknowledgments / 23.45
23.8 References / 23.46
Part 5. Detectors
Chapter 24. Photodetectors Paul R. Norton 24.3
24.1 Scope / 24.3
24.2 Thermal Detectors / 24.4
24.3 Quantum Detectors / 24.6
24.4 Defi nitions / 24.10
24.5 Detector Performance and Sensitivity / 24.13
24.6 Other Performance Parameters / 24.18
24.7 Detector Performance / 24.21
24.8 References / 24.101
24.9 Suggested Readings / 24.102
Chapter 25. Photodetection Abhay M. Joshi
and Gregory H. Olsen 25.1
25.1 Glossary / 25.1
25.2 Introduction / 25.2
25.3 Principle of Operation / 25.3
25.4 Applications / 25.11
25.5 Reliability / 25.13
25.6 Future Photodetectors / 25.15
25.7 Acknowledgment / 25.17
25.8 References / 25.18
25.9 Additional Reading / 25.19
Chapter 26. High-Speed Photodetectors
J. E. Bowers and Y. G. Wey 26.1
26.1 Glossary / 26.1
26.2 Introduction / 26.3
26.3 Photodetector Structures / 26.3
26.4 Speed Limitations / 26.5
26.5 p-i-n Photodetectors / 26.10
26.6 Schottky Photodiode / 26.16
26.7 Avalanche Photodetectors / 26.17
26.8 Photoconductors / 26.20
CONTENTS xiii
26.9 Summary / 26.24
26.10 References / 26.24
Chapter 27. Signal Detection and Analysis
John R. Willison 27.1
27.1 Glossary / 27.1
27.2 Introduction / 27.1
27.3 Prototype Experiment / 27.2
27.4 Noise Sources / 27.3
27.5 Applications Using Photomultipliers / 27.6
27.6 Amplifi ers / 27.10
27.7 Signal Analysis / 27.12
27.8 References / 27.15
Chapter 28. Thermal Detectors William L. Wolfe and
Paul W. Kruse 28.1
28.1 Glossary / 28.1
28.2 Thermal Detector Elements / 28.1
28.3 Arrays / 28.7
28.4 References / 28.13
Part 6. Imaging Detectors
Chapter 29. Photographic Films Joseph H. Altman 29.3
29.1 Glossary / 29.3
29.2 Structure of Silver Halide Photographic Layers / 29.4
29.3 Grains / 29.5
29.4 Processing / 29.5
29.5 Exposure / 29.5
29.6 Optical Density / 29.6
29.7 The D-Log H Curve / 29.8
29.8 Spectral Sensitivity / 29.11
29.9 Reciprocity Failure / 29.11
29.10 Development Effects / 29.12
29.11 Color Photography / 29.12
29.12 Microdensitometers / 29.15
29.13 Performance of Photographic Systems / 29.16
29.14 Image Structure / 29.17
29.15 Acutance / 29.17
29.16 Graininess / 29.19
29.17 Sharpness and Graininess Considered Together / 29.22
29.18 Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Detective Quantum Effi ciency / 29.22
29.19 Resolving Power / 29.24
29.20 Information Capacity / 29.24
29.21 List of Photographic Manufacturers / 29.25
29.22 References / 29.25
Chapter 30. Photographic Materials John D. Baloga 30.1
30.1 Introduction / 30.1
30.2 The Optics of Photographic Films and Papers / 30.2
30.3 The Photophysics of Silver Halide Light Detectors / 30.7
30.4 The Stability of Photographic Image Dyes toward Light Fade / 30.10
30.5 Photographic Spectral Sensitizers / 30.13
xiv CONTENTS
30.6 General Characteristics of Photographic Films / 30.18
30.7 References / 30.28
Chapter 31. Image Tube Intensifi ed Electronic Imaging
C. Bruce Johnson and Larry D. Owen 31.1
31.1 Glossary / 31.1
31.2 Introduction / 31.2
31.3 The Optical Interface / 31.3
31.4 Image Intensifi ers / 31.7
31.5 Image Intensifi ed Self-Scanned Arrays / 31.19
31.6 Applications / 31.27
31.7 References / 31.30
Chapter 32. Visible Array Detectors Timothy J. Tredwell 32.1
32.1 Glossary / 32.1
32.2 Introduction / 32.2
32.3 Image Sensing Elements / 32.2
32.4 Readout Elements / 32.12
32.5 Sensor Architectures / 32.21
32.6 References / 32.35
Chapter 33. Infrared Detector Arrays Lester J. Kozlowski
and Walter F. Kosonocky 33.1
33.1 Glossary / 33.1
33.2 Introduction / 33.3
33.3 Monolithic FPAs / 33.10
33.4 Hybrid FPAs / 33.14
33.5 Performance: Figures of Merit / 33.23
33.6 Current Status and Future Trends / 33.28
33.7 References / 33.31
Part 7. Radiometry and Photometry
Chapter 34. Radiometry and Photometry Edward F. Zalewski 34.3
34.1 Glossary / 34.3
34.2 Introduction / 34.5
34.3 Radiometric Defi nitions and Basic Concepts / 34.7
34.4 Radiant Transfer Approximations / 34.13
34.5 Absolute Measurements / 34.20
34.6 Photometry / 34.37
34.7 References / 34.44
Chapter 35. Measurement of Transmission, Absorption,
Emission, and Refl ection James M. Palmer 35.1
35.1 Glossary / 35.1
35.2 Introduction and Terminology / 35.2
35.3 Transmittance / 35.3
35.4 Absorptance / 35.4
35.5 Refl ectance / 35.4
35.6 Emittance / 35.7
35.7 Kirchhoff’s Law / 35.7
35.8 Relationship between Transmittance, Refl ectance, and Absorptance / 35.7
35.9 Measurement of Transmittance / 35.8
CONTENTS xv
35.10 Measurement of Absorptance / 35.10
35.11 Measurement of Refl ectance / 35.10
35.12 Measurement of Emittance / 35.14
35.13 References / 35.16
35.14 Further Reading / 35.23
Chapter 36. Radiometry and Photometry: Units and
Conversions James M. Palmer 36.1
36.1 Glossary / 36.1
36.2 Introduction and Background / 36.2
36.3 Symbols, Units, and Nomenclature in Radiometry / 36.4
36.4 Symbols, Units, and Nomenclature in Photometry / 36.5
36.5 Conversion of Radiometric Quantities to Photometric Quantities / 36.11
36.6 Conversion of Photometric Quantities to Radiometric Quantities / 36.12
36.7 Radiometric/Photometric Normalization / 36.14
36.8 Other Weighting Functions and Conversions / 36.17
36.9 References / 36.17
36.10 Further Reading / 36.18
Chapter 37. Radiometry and Photometry for Vision Optics
Yoshi Ohno 37.1
37.1 Introduction / 37.1
37.2 Basis of Physical Photometry / 37.1
37.3 Photometric Base Unit—the Candela / 37.3
37.4 Quantities and Units in Photometry and Radiometry / 37.3
37.5 Principles in Photometry and Radiometry / 37.8
37.6 Practice in Photometry and Radiometry / 37.11
37.7 References / 37.12
Chapter 38. Spectroradiometry Carolyn J. Sher DeCusatis 38.1
38.1 Introduction / 38.1
38.2 Defi nitions, Calculations, and Figures of Merit / 38.1
38.3 General Features of Spectroradiometry Systems / 38.7
38.4 Typical Spectroradiometry System Designs / 38.13
38.5 References / 38.19
Chapter 39. Nonimaging Optics: Concentration
and Illumination William Cassarly 39.1
39.1 Introduction / 39.1
39.2 Basic Calculations / 39.2
39.3 Software Modeling of Nonimaging Systems / 39.6
39.4 Basic Building Blocks / 39.8
39.5 Concentration / 39.12
39.6 Uniformity and Illumination / 39.22
39.7 Acknowledgments / 39.41
39.8 References / 39.41
Chapter 40. Lighting and Applications Anurag Gupta and
R. John Koshel 40.1
40.1 Glossary / 40.1
40.2 Introduction / 40.1
40.3 Vision Biology and Perception / 40.3
40.4 The Science of Lighting Design / 40.6
xvi CONTENTS
40.5 Luminaires / 40.24
40.6 Lighting Measurements / 40.51
40.7 Lighting Application Areas / 40.54
40.8 Acknowledgments / 40.71
40.9 References / 40.72
Index I.1

2010新书【光学手册·第三版】卷二：Handbook.of.Optics

2010新书【光学手册·第三版】卷二：Handbook.of.Optics

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