[光学手册卷I,II].Handbook.of.Optics,Third.Edition.pdf

[光学手册卷I,II].Handbook.of.Optics,.Third.Edition.Volume.I.Geometrical.and.Physical.Optics,.Polarized.Light,.Components.and.Instruments

ABOUT THE EDITORS
Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Michael Bass is professor emeritus at CREOL, The College of Optics and
Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.
Associate Editors:
Dr. Casimer M. DeCusatis is a distinguished engineer and technical executive with IBM
Corporation.
Dr. Jay M. Enoch is dean emeritus and professor at the School of Optometry at the University
of California, Berkeley.
Dr. Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan is professor of Optometry, Physics, and Electrical Engineering
at the University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Dr. Guifang Li is a professor at CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of
Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.
Dr. Carolyn MacDonald is a professor at the University at Albany, and director of the Center
for X-Ray Optics.
Dr. Virendra N. Mahajan is a distinguished scientist at The Aerospace Corporation.
Dr. Eric Van Stryland is a professor at CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University
of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.

Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (with the exception of Chapters 14 and 15,
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COVER ILLUSTRATIONS
Left: Poincaré sphere describing light’s polarization states is shown floating in front of a depolarized
field of polarization ellipses, with linearly and circularly polarized fields propagating on
its left and right, respectively. See Chaps. 12 and 15.
Middle: Triplet lens developed for photographic applications that can zero out the primary
aberrations by splitting the positive lens of a doublet into two and placing one on each side of
the negative lens. See Chap. 17.
Right: Micrographs of different optical storage media showing the straight and narrow tracks
with 1.6-μm spacing between adjacent tracks. The recorded information bits appear as short
marks along each track. See Chap. 35.

CONTENTS
Contributors xvii
Brief Contents of All Volumes xix
Editors’ Preface xxv
Preface to Volume I xxvii
Glossary and Fundamental Constants xxix
Part 1. Geometrical Optics
Chapter 1. General Principles of Geometrical Optics
Douglas S. Goodman 1.3
1.1 Glossary / 1.3
1.2 Introduction / 1.7
1.3 Fundamentals / 1.8
1.4 Characteristic Functions / 1.13
1.5 Rays in Heterogeneous Media / 1.18
1.6 Conservation of Étendue / 1.22
1.7 Skew Invariant / 1.23
1.8 Refraction and Reflection at Interfaces between Homogeneous Media / 1.23
1.9 Imaging / 1.26
1.10 Description of Systems of Revolution / 1.32
1.11 Tracing Rays in Centered Systems of Spherical Surfaces / 1.35
1.12 Paraxial Optics of Systems of Revolution / 1.37
1.13 Images About Known Rays / 1.43
1.14 Gaussian Lens Properties / 1.44
1.15 Collineation / 1.56
1.16 System Combinations: Gaussian Properties / 1.63
1.17 Paraxial Matrix Methods / 1.65
1.18 Apertures, Pupils, Stops, Fields, and Related Matters / 1.74
1.19 Geometrical Aberrations of Point Images: Description / 1.85
1.20 References / 1.92
Part 2. Physical Optics
Chapter 2. Interference John E. Greivenkamp 2.3
2.1 Glossary / 2.3
2.2 Introduction / 2.3
2.3 Waves and Wavefronts / 2.3
2.4 Interference / 2.5
2.5 Interference by Wavefront Division / 2.14
2.6 Interference by Amplitude Division / 2.19
2.7 Multiple Beam Interference / 2.28
2.8 Coherence and Interference / 2.36
2.9 Applications of Interference / 2.42
2.10 References / 2.42
viii CONTENTS
Chapter 3. Diffraction Arvind S. Marathay and John F. McCalmont 3.1
3.1 Glossary / 3.1
3.2 Introduction / 3.1
3.3 Light Waves / 3.2
3.4 Huygens-Fresnel Construction / 3.4
3.5 Cylindrical Wavefront / 3.13
3.6 Mathematical Theory of Diffraction / 3.21
3.7 Stationary Phase Approximation / 3.29
3.8 Vector Diffraction / 3.32
3.9 Acknowledgments / 3.38
3.10 References / 3.38
Chapter 4. Transfer Function Techniques Glenn D. Boreman 4.1
4.1 Glossary / 4.1
4.2 Introduction / 4.1
4.3 Definitions / 4.2
4.4 MTF Calculations / 4.3
4.5 MTF Measurements / 4.6
4.6 References / 4.8
Chapter 5. Coherence Theory William H. Carter 5.1
5.1 Glossary / 5.1
5.2 Introduction / 5.1
5.3 Some Elementary Classical Concepts / 5.2
5.4 Definitions of Coherence Functions / 5.4
5.5 Model Sources / 5.9
5.6 Propagation / 5.13
5.7 Spectrum of Light / 5.19
5.8 Polarization Effects / 5.22
5.9 Applications / 5.22
5.10 References / 5.23
5.11 Additional Reading / 5.26
Chapter 6. Coherence Theory: Tools and Applications
Gisele Bennett, William T. Rhodes,
and J. Christopher James 6.1
6.1 Glossary / 6.1
6.2 Introduction / 6.2
6.3 Key Definitions and Relationships / 6.2
6.4 Propagation, Diffraction, and Scattering: Enhanced Backscatter and the Lau Effect / 6.5
6.5 Image Formation: Lukosz-Type Super-Resolving System / 6.9
6.6 Efficient Sampling of Coherence Functions / 6.10
6.7 An Example of When Not to Use Coherence Theory / 6.12
6.8 Concluding Remarks / 6.13
6.9 References / 6.13
Chapter 7. Scattering by Particles Craig F. Bohren 7.1
7.1 Glossary / 7.1
7.2 Introduction / 7.2
7.3 Scattering: An Overview / 7.3
7.4 Scattering by Particles: Basic Concepts and Terminology / 7.4
7.5 Scattering by an Isotropic, Homogeneous Sphere: The Archetype / 7.11
7.6 Scattering by Regular Particles / 7.14
CONTENTS ix
7.7 Computational Methods for Nonspherical Particles / 7.15
7.8 References / 7.17
Chapter 8. Surface Scattering Eugene L. Church
and Peter Z. Takacs 8.1
8.1 Glossary of Principal Symbols / 8.1
8.2 Introduction / 8.2
8.3 Notation / 8.2
8.4 The Fresnel-Kirchhoff Approximation / 8.5
8.5 The Rayleigh-Rice (RR) or Small-Perturbation Approximation / 8.9
8.6 Effects of Finite Illumination Area / 8.12
8.7 Surface Statistics / 8.12
8.8 Surface Finish Specification / 8.16
8.9 Retrospect and Prospect / 8.17
8.10 References and Endnotes / 8.18
Chapter 9. Volume Scattering in Random Media
Aristide Dogariu and Jeremy Ellis 9.1
9.1 Glossary / 9.1
9.2 Introduction / 9.2
9.3 General Theory of Scattering / 9.3
9.4 Single Scattering / 9.4
9.5 Multiple Scattering / 9.8
9.6 References / 9.18
Chapter 10. Optical Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic
Lineshapes Brian Henderson 10.1
10.1 Glossary / 10.1
10.2 Introductory Comments / 10.2
10.3 Theoretical Preliminaries / 10.3
10.4 Rates of Spectroscopic Transition / 10.4
10.5 Lineshapes of Spectral Transitions / 10.6
10.6 Spectroscopy of One-Electron Atoms / 10.7
10.7 Multielectron Atoms / 10.10
10.8 Optical Spectra and the Outer Electronic Structure / 10.12
10.9 Spectra of Tri-Positive Rare Earth Ions / 10.16
10.10 Vibrational and Rotational Spectra of Molecules / 10.18
10.11 Lineshapes in Solid State Spectroscopy / 10.22
10.12 References / 10.27
Chapter 11. Analog Optical Signal and Image Processing
Joseph W. Goodman 11.1
11.1 Glossary / 11.1
11.2 Introduction / 11.1
11.3 Fundamental Analog Operations / 11.2
11.4 Analog Optical Fourier Transforms / 11.3
11.5 Spatial Filtering / 11.5
11.6 Coherent Optical Processing of Synthetic Aperture Radar Data / 11.6
11.7 Coherent Optical Processing of Temporal Signals / 11.8
11.8 Optical Processing of Two-Dimensional Images / 11.12
11.9 Incoherent Processing of Discrete Signals / 11.17
11.10 Concluding Remarks / 11.20
11.11 References / 11.20
x CONTENTS
Part 3. Polarized Light
Chapter 12. Polarization Jean M. Bennett 12.3
12.1 Glossary / 12.3
12.2 Basic Concepts and Conventions / 12.4
12.3 Fresnel Equations / 12.6
12.4 Basic Relations for Polarizers / 12.14
12.5 Polarization by Nonnormal-Incidence Reflection (Pile of Plates) / 12.15
12.6 Polarization by Nonnormal-Incidence Transmission (Pile of Plates) / 12.18
12.7 Quarter-Wave Plates and Other Phase Retardation Plates / 12.24
12.8 Matrix Methods for Computing Polarization / 12.27
12.9 References / 12.30
Chapter 13. Polarizers Jean M. Bennett 13.1
13.1 Glossary / 13.1
13.2 Prism Polarizers / 13.2
13.3 Glan-Type Prisms / 13.8
13.4 Nicol-Type Prisms / 13.15
13.5 Polarizing Beam-Splitter Prisms / 13.18
13.6 Feussner Prisms / 13.22
13.7 Noncalcite Polarizing Prisms / 13.23
13.8 Dichroic and Diffraction-Type Polarizers / 13.24
13.9 Non-Normal-Incidence Reflection and Transmission Polarizers / 13.33
13.10 Retardation Plates / 13.43
13.11 Variable Retardation Plates and Compensators / 13.53
13.12 Half-Shade Devices / 13.56
13.13 Miniature Polarization Devices / 13.57
13.14 References / 13.58
Chapter 14. Mueller Matrices Russell A. Chipman 14.1
14.1 Glossary / 14.1
14.2 Conventions / 14.3
14.3 Objectives / 14.3
14.4 Stokes Parameters and Mueller Matrices / 14.4
14.5 The Stokes Parameters and the Poincaré Sphere / 14.4
14.6 Mueller Matrices / 14.6
14.7 Sequences of Polarization Elements / 14.7
14.8 Polarization Elements’ Properties in the Mueller Calculus / 14.7
14.9 Rotation of an Element About the Optical Axis / 14.8
14.10 Nonpolarizing Mueller Matrices / 14.8
14.11 Mueller Matrices of Ideal Polarizers / 14.8
14.12 Retarder Mueller Matrices / 14.11
14.13 Retarder Mueller Matrices Ambiguities and Retarder Space / 14.14
14.14 Transmittance and Diattenuation / 14.16
14.15 Polarizance / 14.18
14.16 Mueller Matrices of Diattenuators / 14.18
14.17 Normalizing a Mueller Matrix / 14.19
14.18 Coordinate System for the Mueller Matrix / 14.19
14.19 Mueller Matrices for Refraction / 14.20
14.20 Mueller Matrices for Reflection / 14.21
14.21 Conversion between Mueller Matrices and Jones Matrices / 14.22
14.22 Nondepolarizing Mueller Matrices and Mueller-Jones Matrices / 14.24
14.23 Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Polarization Elements / 14.25
14.24 Mueller Matrices Near the Identity Matrix, Weak Polarization Elements / 14.26
14.25 Matrix Roots of Nondepolarizing Mueller Matrices / 14.27
14.26 Depolarization and the Depolarization Index / 14.30
CONTENTS xi
14.27 Degree of Polarization Surfaces and Maps / 14.31
14.28 The Depolarization Index / 14.32
14.29 The Average Degree of Polarization / 14.32
14.30 Determining Mueller Matrix Properties / 14.33
14.31 Generators for Depolarization / 14.33
14.32 Interpretation of Arbitrary Mueller Matrices, the Polar Decomposition of Mueller Matrices / 14.39
14.33 Physically Realizable Mueller Matrices / 14.40
14.34 Acknowledgments / 14.42
14.35 References / 14.43
Chapter 15. Polarimetry Russell A. Chipman 15.1
15.1 Glossary / 15.1
15.2 Objectives / 15.3
15.3 Polarimeters / 15.3
15.4 Light-Measuring Polarimeters / 15.3
15.5 Sample-Measuring Polarimeters / 15.4
15.6 Complete and Incomplete Polarimeters / 15.4
15.7 Polarization Generators and Analyzers / 15.4
15.8 Classes of Polarimeters / 15.5
15.9 Time-Sequential Measurements / 15.5
15.10 Polarization Modulation / 15.5
15.11 Division of Aperture / 15.5
15.12 Division of Amplitude / 15.5
15.13 Spectropolarimeters / 15.6
15.14 Imaging Polarimeters / 15.6
15.15 Definitions / 15.6
15.16 Stokes Vectors and Mueller Matrices / 15.8
15.17 Phenomenological Definition of the Stokes Vector / 15.9
15.18 Polarization Properties of Light Beams / 15.9
15.19 Mueller Matrices / 15.11
15.20 Data Reduction for Light-Measuring Polarimeters / 15.11
15.21 Sample-Measuring Polarimeters for Measuring Mueller Matrix Elements / 15.13
15.22 Polarimetric Measurement Equation and Polarimetric Data-Reduction Equation / 15.14
15.23 Dual Rotating Retarder Polarimeter / 15.16
15.24 Incomplete Sample-Measuring Polarimeters / 15.16
15.25 Nonideal Polarization Elements / 15.17
15.26 Elliptical and Circular Polarizers and Analyzers / 15.17
15.27 Common Defects of Polarization Elements / 15.19
15.28 Polarization Modulators, Retardance Modulators / 15.20
15.29 Rotating Retarders / 15.20
15.30 Photo-Elastic Modulators / 15.21
15.31 Liquid Crystal Retarders / 15.21
15.32 Electro-Optical Modulators / 15.23
15.33 Magneto-Optical Modulators / 15.23
15.34 Fiber Squeezers / 15.24
15.35 Polarimeter Design Metrics / 15.24
15.36 Singular Value Decomposition Examples / 15.26
15.37 Polarimeter Error Analysis / 15.27
15.38 The Mueller Matrix for Polarization Component Characterization / 15.28
15.39 Retro-Reflection Testing and Correction for Supplemental Optics / 15.28
15.40 Applications of Polarimetry / 15.29
15.41 Ellipsometry and Generalized Ellipsometry / 15.30
15.42 Liquid Crystal Cell and System Testing / 15.32
15.43 Polarization Aberrations / 15.35
15.44 Remote Sensing / 15.37
15.45 Polarization Light Scattering / 15.38
15.46 Ophthalmic Polarimetry / 15.39
15.47 Acknowledgments / 15.41
15.48 References / 15.41
xii CONTENTS
Chapter 16. Ellipsometry Rasheed M. A. Azzam 16.1
16.1 Glossary / 16.1
16.2 Introduction / 16.2
16.3 Conventions / 16.3
16.4 Modeling and Inversion / 16.4
16.5 Transmission Ellipsometry / 16.10
16.6 Instrumentation / 16.10
16.7 Jones-Matrix Generalized Ellipsometry / 16.19
16.8 Mueller-Matrix Generalized Ellipsometry / 16.19
16.9 Applications / 16.21
16.10 References / 16.21
Part 4. Components
Chapter 17. Lenses R. Barry Johnson 17.3
17.1 Glossary / 17.3
17.2 Introduction / 17.4
17.3 Basics / 17.5
17.4 Stops and Pupils / 17.8
17.5 F-Number and Numerical Aperture / 17.9
17.6 Magnifier or Eye Loupe / 17.9
17.7 Compound Microscopes / 17.10
17.8 Field and Relay Lenses / 17.10
17.9 Aplanatic Surfaces and Immersion Lenses / 17.10
17.10 Single Element Lens / 17.12
17.11 Landscape Lenses and the Influence of Stop Position / 17.17
17.12 Two-Lens Systems / 17.20
17.13 Achromatic Doublets / 17.22
17.14 Triplet Lenses / 17.26
17.15 Symmetrical Lenses / 17.26
17.16 Double-Gauss Lenses / 17.27
17.17 Petzval Lenses / 17.28
17.18 Telephoto Lenses / 17.29
17.19 Inverted or Reverse Telephoto Lenses / 17.29
17.20 Performance of Representative Lenses / 17.29
17.21 Rapid Estimation of Lens Performance / 17.36
17.22 Bibliography / 17.40
Chapter 18. Afocal Systems William B. Wetherell 18.1
18.1 Glossary / 18.1
18.2 Introduction / 18.2
18.3 Gaussian Analysis of Afocal Lenses / 18.2
18.4 Keplerian Afocal Lenses / 18.7
18.5 Galilean and Inverse Galilean Afocal Lenses / 18.15
18.6 Relay Trains and Periscopes / 18.17
18.7 Reflecting and Catadioptric Afocal Lenses / 18.19
18.8 References / 18.23
Chapter 19. Nondispersive Prisms William L. Wolfe 19.1
19.1 Glossary / 19.1
19.2 Introduction / 19.1
19.3 Inversion, Reversion / 19.2
19.4 Deviation, Displacement / 19.2
19.5 Summary of Prism Properties / 19.2
CONTENTS xiii
19.6 Prism Descriptions / 19.2
19.7 References / 19.29
Chapter 20. Dispersive Prisms and Gratings George J. Zissis 20.1
20.1 Glossary / 20.1
20.2 Introduction / 20.1
20.3 Prisms / 20.2
20.4 Gratings / 20.3
20.5 Prism and Grating Configurations and Instruments / 20.4
20.6 References / 20.15
Chapter 21. Integrated Optics Thomas L. Koch,
Frederick J. Leonberger, and Paul G. Suchoski 21.1
21.1 Glossary / 21.1
21.2 Introduction / 21.2
21.3 Device Physics / 21.3
21.4 Integrated Optics Materials and Fabrication Technology / 21.13
21.5 Circuit Elements / 21.21
21.6 Applications of Integrated Optics / 21.31
21.7 Future Trends / 21.39
21.8 References / 21.41
Chapter 22. Miniature and Micro-Optics
Tom D. Milster and Tomasz S. Tkaczyk 22.1
22.1 Glossary / 22.1
22.2 Introduction / 22.2
22.3 Uses of Micro-Optics / 22.2
22.4 Micro-Optics Design Considerations / 22.2
22.5 Molded Microlenses / 22.8
22.6 Diamond Turning / 22.15
22.7 Lithography for Making Refractive Components / 22.18
22.8 Monolithic Lenslet Modules / 22.25
22.9 Distributed-Index Planar Microlenses / 22.26
22.10 Micro-Fresnel Lenses / 22.31
22.11 Liquid Lenses / 22.37
22.12 Other Technologies / 22.42
22.13 References / 22.47
Chapter 23. Binary Optics Michael W. Farn
and Wilfrid B. Veldkamp 23.1
23.1 Glossary / 23.1
23.2 Introduction / 23.2
23.3 Design—Geometrical Optics / 23.2
23.4 Design—Scalar Diffraction Theory / 23.10
23.5 Design—Vector Diffraction Theory / 23.13
23.6 Fabrication / 23.14
23.7 References / 23.17
Chapter 24. Gradient Index Optics Duncan T. Moore 24.1
24.1 Glossary / 24.1
24.2 Introduction / 24.1
24.3 Analytic Solutions / 24.2
24.4 Mathematical Representation / 24.2
24.5 Axial Gradient Lenses / 24.3
xiv CONTENTS
24.6 Radial Gradients / 24.5
24.7 Radial Gradients with Curved Surfaces / 24.7
24.8 Shallow Radial Gradients / 24.7
24.9 Materials / 24.8
24.10 References / 24.9
Part 5. Instruments
Chapter 25. Cameras Norman Goldberg 25.3
25.1 Glossary / 25.3
25.2 Introduction / 25.3
25.3 Background / 25.4
25.4 Properties of the Final Image / 25.5
25.5 Film Choice / 25.5
25.6 Resolving Fine Detail / 25.5
25.7 Film Sizes / 25.6
25.8 Display / 25.6
25.9 Distributing the Image / 25.7
25.10 Video Cameras / 25.7
25.11 Instant Pictures / 25.8
25.12 Critical Features / 25.8
25.13 Time Lag / 25.8
25.14 Automation / 25.10
25.15 Flash / 25.16
25.16 Flexibility through Features and Accessories / 25.16
25.17 Advantages of Various Formats / 25.17
25.18 Large Format: A Different World / 25.18
25.19 Special Cameras / 25.20
25.20 Further Reading / 25.26
Chapter 26. Solid-State Cameras Gerald C. Holst 26.1
26.1 Glossary / 26.1
26.2 Introduction / 26.2
26.3 Imaging System Applications / 26.3
26.4 Charge-Coupled Device Array Architecture / 26.3
26.5 Charge Injection Device / 26.6
26.6 Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor / 26.8
26.7 Array Performance / 26.9
26.8 Camera Performance / 26.12
26.9 Modulation Transfer Function / 26.14
26.10 Resolution / 26.15
26.11 Sampling / 26.16
26.12 Storage, Analysis, and Display / 26.19
26.13 References / 26.20
Chapter 27. Camera Lenses Ellis Betensky,
Melvin H. Kreitzer, and Jacob Moskovich 27.1
27.1 Introduction / 27.1
27.2 Imposed Design Limitations / 27.1
27.3 Modern Lens Types / 27.2
27.4 Classification System / 27.17
27.5 Lens Performance Data / 27.24
27.6 Acknowledgments / 27.25
27.7 Further Reading / 27.25
CONTENTS xv
Chapter 28. Microscopes Rudolf Oldenbourg
and Michael Shribak 28.1
28.1 Glossary / 28.1
28.2 Introduction / 28.1
28.3 Optical Arrangements, Lenses, and Resolution / 28.3
28.4 Contrast and Imaging Modes / 28.24
28.5 Manipulation of Specimen / 28.54
28.6 Acknowledgment / 28.55
28.7 References / 28.56
Chapter 29. Reflective and Catadioptric Objectives
Lloyd Jones 29.1
29.1 Glossary / 29.1
29.2 Introduction / 29.2
29.3 Glass Varieties / 29.2
29.4 Introduction to Catadioptric and Reflective Objectives / 29.2
29.5 Field-of-View Plots / 29.34
29.6 Definitions / 29.36
29.7 References / 29.38
Chapter 30. Scanners Leo Beiser and R. Barry Johnson 30.1
30.1 Glossary / 30.1
30.2 Introduction / 30.2
30.3 Scanned Resolution / 30.6
30.4 Scanners for Remote Sensing / 30.14
30.5 Scanning for Input/Output Imaging / 30.25
30.6 Scanner Devices and Techniques / 30.34
30.7 Scan-Error Reduction / 30.48
30.8 Agile Beam Steering / 30.51
30.9 References / 30.64
30.10 Further Reading / 30.68
Chapter 31. Optical Spectrometers Brian Henderson 31.1
31.1 Glossary / 31.1
31.2 Introduction / 31.2
31.3 Optical Absorption Spectrometers / 31.2
31.4 Luminescence Spectrometers / 31.5
31.5 Photoluminescence Decay Time / 31.12
31.6 Polarization Spectrometers / 31.15
31.7 High-Resolution Techniques / 31.23
31.8 Light Scattering / 31.30
31.9 References / 31.31
Chapter 32. Interferometers Parameswaran Hariharan 32.1
32.1 Glossary / 32.1
32.2 Introduction / 32.2
32.3 Basic Types of Interferometers / 32.2
32.4 Three-Beam and Double-Passed Two-Beam Interferometers / 32.7
32.5 Fringe-Counting Interferometers / 32.8
32.6 Two-Wavelength Interferometry / 32.9
32.7 Frequency-Modulation Interferometers / 32.9
32.8 Heterodyne Interferometers / 32.10
32.9 Phase-Shifting Interferometers / 32.10
32.10 Phase-Locked Interferometers / 32.11
xvi CONTENTS
32.11 Laser-Doppler Interferometers / 32.12
32.12 Laser-Feedback Interferometers / 32.13
32.13 Fiber Interferometers / 32.14
32.14 Interferometeric Wave Meters / 32.16
32.15 Second-Harmonic and Phase-Conjugate Interferometers / 32.17
32.16 Stellar Interferometers / 32.19
32.17 Gravitational-Wave Interferometers / 32.21
32.18 References / 32.22
Chapter 33. Holography and Holographic Instruments
Lloyd Huff 33.1
33.1 Glossary / 33.1
33.2 Introduction / 33.2
33.3 Background and Basic Principles / 33.2
33.4 Holographic Interferometry / 33.4
33.5 Holographic Optical Elements / 33.13
33.6 Holographic Inspection / 33.16
33.7 Holographic Lithography / 33.22
33.8 Holographic Memory / 33.24
33.9 Conclusion / 33.25
33.10 References / 33.25
Chapter 34. Xerographic Systems Howard Stark 34.1
34.1 Introduction and Overview / 34.1
34.2 Creation of the Latent Image / 34.1
34.3 Development / 34.5
34.4 Transfer / 34.10
34.5 Fusing / 34.10
34.6 Cleaning and Erasing / 34.10
34.7 Control Systems / 34.11
34.8 Color / 34.11
34.9 References / 34.13
Chapter 35. Principles of Optical Disk Data Storage
Masud Mansuripur 35.1
35.1 Introduction / 35.1
35.2 Preliminaries and Basic Definitions / 35.2
35.3 The Optical Path / 35.7
35.4 Automatic Focusing / 35.12
35.5 Automatic Tracking / 35.14
35.6 Thermomagnetic Recording Process / 35.17
35.7 Magneto-Optical Readout / 35.21
35.8 Materials of Magneto-Optical Recording / 35.25
35.9 Concluding Remarks / 35.28
35.10 Further Information / 35.30
35.11 Bibliography / 35.31
Index I.1

BRIEF CONTENTS OF
ALL VOLUMES
VOLUME I. GEOMETRICAL AND PHYSICAL OPTICS, POLARIZED LIGHT,
COMPONENTS AND INSTRUMENTS
PART 1. GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
Chapter 1. General Principles of Geometrical Optics Douglas S. Goodman
PART 2. PHYSICAL OPTICS
Chapter 2. Interference John E. Greivenkamp
Chapter 3. Diffraction Arvind S. Marathay and John F. McCalmont
Chapter 4. Transfer Function Techniques Glenn D. Boreman
Chapter 5. Coherence Theory William H. Carter
Chapter 6. Coherence Theory: Tools and Applications Gisele Bennett,William T. Rhodes,
and J. Christopher James
Chapter 7. Scattering by Particles Craig F. Bohren
Chapter 8. Surface Scattering Eugene L. Church and Peter Z. Takacs
Chapter 9. Volume Scattering in Random Media Aristide Dogariu and Jeremy Ellis
Chapter 10. Optical Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic Lineshapes Brian Henderson
Chapter 11. Analog Optical Signal and Image Processing Joseph W. Goodman
PART 3. POLARIZED LIGHT
Chapter 12. Polarization Jean M. Bennett
Chapter 13. Polarizers Jean M. Bennett
Chapter 14. Mueller Matrices Russell A. Chipman
Chapter 15. Polarimetry Russell A. Chipman
Chapter 16. Ellipsometry Rasheed M. A. Azzam
PART 4. COMPONENTS
Chapter 17. Lenses R. Barry Johnson
Chapter 18. Afocal Systems William B. Wetherell
Chapter 19. Nondispersive Prisms William L. Wolfe
Chapter 20. Dispersive Prisms and Gratings George J. Zissis
Chapter 21. Integrated Optics Thomas L. Koch, Frederick J. Leonberger, and Paul G. Suchoski
Chapter 22. Miniature and Micro-Optics Tom D. Milster and Tomasz S. Tkaczyk
Chapter 23. Binary Optics Michael W. Farn and Wilfrid B. Veldkamp
Chapter 24. Gradient Index Optics Duncan T. Moore
PART 5. INSTRUMENTS
Chapter 25. Cameras Norman Goldberg
Chapter 26. Solid-State Cameras Gerald C. Holst
Chapter 27. Camera Lenses Ellis Betensky,Melvin H. Kreitzer, and Jacob Moskovich
Chapter 28. Microscopes Rudolf Oldenbourg and Michael Shribak
xx BRIEF CONTENTS OF ALL VOLUMES
Chapter 29. Reflective and Catadioptric Objectives Lloyd Jones
Chapter 30. Scanners Leo Beiser and R. Barry Johnson
Chapter 31. Optical Spectrometers Brian Henderson
Chapter 32. Interferometers Parameswaran Hariharan
Chapter 33. Holography and Holographic Instruments Lloyd Huff
Chapter 34. Xerographic Systems Howard Stark
Chapter 35. Principles of Optical Disk Data Storage Masud Mansuripur
VOLUME II. DESIGN, FABRICATION, AND TESTING; SOURCES AND
DETECTORS; RADIOMETRY AND PHOTOMETRY
PART 1. DESIGN
Chapter 1. Techniques of First-Order Layout Warren J. Smith
Chapter 2. Aberration Curves in Lens Design Donald C. O’Shea and Michael E. Harrigan
Chapter 3. Optical Design Software Douglas C. Sinclair
Chapter 4. Optical Specifications Robert R. Shannon
Chapter 5. Tolerancing Techniques Robert R. Shannon
Chapter 6. Mounting Optical Components Paul R. Yoder, Jr.
Chapter 7. Control of Stray Light Robert P. Breault
Chapter 8. Thermal Compensation Techniques Philip J. Rogers and Michael Roberts
PART 2. FABRICATION
Chapter 9. Optical Fabrication Michael P. Mandina
Chapter 10. Fabrication of Optics by Diamond Turning Richard L. Rhorer and Chris J. Evans
PART 3. TESTING
Chapter 11. Orthonormal Polynomials in Wavefront Analysis Virendra N. Mahajan
Chapter 12. Optical Metrology Zacarías Malacara and Daniel Malacara-Hernández
Chapter 13. Optical Testing Daniel Malacara-Hernández
Chapter 14. Use of Computer-Generated Holograms in Optical Testing Katherine Creath and James C. Wyant
PART 4. SOURCES
Chapter 15. Artificial Sources Anthony LaRocca
Chapter 16. Lasers William T. Silfvast
Chapter 17. Light-Emitting Diodes Roland H. Haitz, M. George Craford, and Robert H. Weissman
Chapter 18. High-Brightness Visible LEDs Winston V. Schoenfeld
Chapter 19. Semiconductor Lasers Pamela L. Derry, Luis Figueroa, and Chi-shain Hong
Chapter 20. Ultrashort Optical Sources and Applications Jean-Claude Diels and Ladan Arissian
Chapter 21. Attosecond Optics Zenghu Chang
Chapter 22. Laser Stabilization John L. Hall, Matthew S. Taubman, and Jun Ye
Chapter 23. Quantum Theory of the Laser János A. Bergou, Berthold-Georg Englert, Melvin Lax,
Marian O. Scully, Herbert Walther, and M. Suhail Zubairy
PART 5. DETECTORS
Chapter 24. Photodetectors Paul R. Norton
Chapter 25. Photodetection Abhay M. Joshi and Gregory H. Olsen
Chapter 26. High-Speed Photodetectors John E. Bowers and Yih G. Wey
Chapter 27. Signal Detection and Analysis John R. Willison
Chapter 28. Thermal Detectors William L. Wolfe and Paul W. Kruse
PART 6. IMAGING DETECTORS
Chapter 29. Photographic Films Joseph H. Altman
Chapter 30. Photographic Materials John D. Baloga
BRIEF CONTENTS OF ALL VOLUMES xxi
Chapter 31. Image Tube Intensified Electronic Imaging C. Bruce Johnson and Larry D. Owen
Chapter 32. Visible Array Detectors Timothy J. Tredwell
Chapter 33. Infrared Detector Arrays Lester J. Kozlowski and Walter F. Kosonocky
PART 7. RADIOMETRY AND PHOTOMETRY
Chapter 34. Radiometry and Photometry Edward F. Zalewski
Chapter 35. Measurement of Transmission, Absorption, Emission, and Reflection James M. Palmer
Chapter 36. Radiometry and Photometry: Units and Conversions James M. Palmer
Chapter 37. Radiometry and Photometry for Vision Optics Yoshi Ohno
Chapter 38. Spectroradiometry Carolyn J. Sher DeCusatis
Chapter 39. Nonimaging Optics: Concentration and Illumination William Cassarly
Chapter 40. Lighting and Applications Anurag Gupta and R. John Koshel
VOLUME III. VISION AND VISION OPTICS
Chapter 1. Optics of the Eye Neil Charman
Chapter 2. Visual Performance Wilson S. Geisler and Martin S. Banks
Chapter 3. Psychophysical Methods Denis G. Pelli and Bart Farell
Chapter 4. Visual Acuity and Hyperacuity Gerald Westheimer
Chapter 5. Optical Generation of the Visual Stimulus Stephen A. Burns and Robert H. Webb
Chapter 6. The Maxwellian View with an Addendum on Apodization Gerald Westheimer
Chapter 7. Ocular Radiation Hazards David H. Sliney
Chapter 8. Biological Waveguides Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan and Jay M. Enoch
Chapter 9. The Problem of Correction for the Stiles-Crawford Effect of the First Kind in Radiometry and
Photometry, a Solution Jay M. Enoch and Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan
Chapter 10. Colorimetry David H. Brainard and Andrew Stockman
Chapter 11. Color Vision Mechanisms Andrew Stockman and David H. Brainard
Chapter 12. Assessment of Refraction and Refractive Errors and Their Influence on Optical Design
B. Ralph Chou
Chapter 13. Binocular Vision Factors That Influence Optical Design Clifton Schor
Chapter 14. Optics and Vision of the Aging Eye John S. Werner, Brooke E. Schefrin, and Arthur Bradley
Chapter 15. Adaptive Optics in Retinal Microscopy and Vision Donald T. Miller and Austin Roorda
Chapter 16. Refractive Surgery, Correction of Vision, PRK, and LASIK L. Diaz-Santana and Harilaos Ginis
Chapter 17. Three-Dimensional Confocal Microscopy of the Living Human Cornea Barry R. Masters
Chapter 18. Diagnostic Use of Optical Coherence Tomography in the Eye Johannes F. de Boer
Chapter 19. Gradient Index Optics in the Eye Barbara K. Pierscionek
Chapter 20. Optics of Contact Lenses Edward S. Bennett
Chapter 21. Intraocular Lenses Jim Schwiegerling
Chapter 22. Displays for Vision Research William Cowan
Chapter 23. Vision Problems at Computers Jeffrey Anshel and James E. Sheedy
Chapter 24. Human Vision and Electronic Imaging Bernice E. Rogowitz, Thrasyvoulos N. Pappas, and
Jan P. Allebach
Chapter 25. Visual Factors Associated with Head-Mounted Displays Brian H. Tsou and Martin Shenker
VOLUME IV. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS, NONLINEAR
OPTICS, QUANTUM OPTICS
PART 1. PROPERTIES
Chapter 1. Optical Properties of Water Curtis D. Mobley
Chapter 2. Properties of Crystals and Glasses William J. Tropf, Michael E. Thomas, and
Eric W. Rogala
Chapter 3. Polymeric Optics John D. Lytle
Chapter 4. Properties of Metals Roger A. Paquin
xxii BRIEF CONTENTS OF ALL VOLUMES
Chapter 5. Optical Properties of Semiconductors David G. Seiler, Stefan Zollner, Alain C. Diebold, and Paul
M. Amirtharaj
Chapter 6. Characterization and Use of Black Surfaces for Optical Systems Stephen M. Pompea
and Robert P. Breault
Chapter 7. Optical Properties of Films and Coatings Jerzy A. Dobrowolski
Chapter 8. Fundamental Optical Properties of Solids Alan Miller
Chapter 9. Photonic Bandgap Materials Pierre R. Villeneuve
PART 2. NONLINEAR OPTICS
Chapter 10. Nonlinear Optics Chung L. Tang
Chapter 11. Coherent Optical Transients Paul R. Berman and D. G. Steel
Chapter 12. Photorefractive Materials and Devices Mark Cronin-Golomb and Marvin Klein
Chapter 13. Optical Limiting David J. Hagan
Chapter 14. Electromagnetically Induced Transparency Jonathan P. Marangos and Thomas Halfmann
Chapter 15. Stimulated Raman and Brillouin Scattering John Reintjes and M. Bashkansky
Chapter 16. Third-Order Optical Nonlinearities Mansoor Sheik-Bahae and Michael P. Hasselbeck
Chapter 17. Continuous-Wave Optical Parametric Oscillators M. Ebrahim-Zadeh
Chapter 18. Nonlinear Optical Processes for Ultrashort Pulse Generation Uwe Siegner and Ursula Keller
Chapter 19. Laser-Induced Damage to Optical Materials Marion J. Soileau
PART 3. QUANTUM AND MOLECULAR OPTICS
Chapter 20. Laser Cooling and Trapping of Atoms Harold J. Metcalf and Peter van der Straten
Chapter 21. Strong Field Physics Todd Ditmire
Chapter 22. Slow Light Propagation in Atomic and Photonic Media Jacob B. Khurgin
Chapter 23. Quantum Entanglement in Optical Interferometry Hwang Lee, Christoph F. Wildfeuer,
Sean D. Huver, and Jonathan P. Dowling
VOLUME V. ATMOSPHERIC OPTICS, MODULATORS, FIBER OPTICS,
X-RAY AND NEUTRON OPTICS
PART 1. MEASUREMENTS
Chapter 1. Scatterometers John C. Stover
Chapter 2. Spectroscopic Measurements Brian Henderson
PART 2. ATMOSPHERIC OPTICS
Chapter 3. Atmospheric Optics Dennis K. Killinger, James H. Churnside, and Laurence S. Rothman
Chapter 4. Imaging through Atmospheric Turbulence Virendra N. Mahajan and Guang-ming Dai
Chapter 5. Adaptive Optics Robert Q. Fugate
PART 3. MODULATORS
Chapter 6. Acousto-Optic Devices I-Cheng Chang
Chapter 7. Electro-Optic Modulators Georgeanne M. Purvinis and Theresa A. Maldonado
Chapter 8. Liquid Crystals Sebastian Gauza and Shin-Tson Wu
PART 4. FIBER OPTICS
Chapter 9. Optical Fiber Communication Technology and System Overview Ira Jacobs
Chapter 10. Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers John A. Buck
Chapter 11. Photonic Crystal Fibers Philip St. J. Russell and G. J. Pearce
Chapter 12. Infrared Fibers James A. Harrington
Chapter 13. Sources, Modulators, and Detectors for Fiber Optic Communication Systems Elsa Garmire
Chapter 14. Optical Fiber Amplifiers John A. Buck
BRIEF CONTENTS OF ALL VOLUMES xxiii
Chapter 15. Fiber Optic Communication Links (Telecom, Datacom, and Analog) Casimer DeCusatis
and Guifang Li
Chapter 16. Fiber-Based Couplers Daniel Nolan
Chapter 17. Fiber Bragg Gratings Kenneth O. Hill
Chapter 18. Micro-Optics-Based Components for Networking Joseph C. Palais
Chapter 19. Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers Jay M. Wiesenfeld and Leo H. Spiekman
Chapter 20. Optical Time-Division Multiplexed Communication Networks Peter J. Delfyett
Chapter 21. WDM Fiber-Optic Communication Networks Alan E. Willner, Changyuan Yu, Zhongqi Pan,
and Yong Xie
Chapter 22. Solitons in Optical Fiber Communication Systems Pavel V. Mamyshev
Chapter 23. Fiber-Optic Communication Standards Casimer DeCusatis
Chapter 24. Optical Fiber Sensors Richard O. Claus, Ignacio Matias, and Francisco Arregui
Chapter 25. High-Power Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers Timothy S. McComb, Martin C. Richardson, and
Michael Bass
PART 5. X-RAY AND NEUTRON OPTICS
Subpart 5.1. Introduction and Applications
Chapter 26. An Introduction to X-Ray and Neutron Optics Carolyn A. MacDonald
Chapter 27. Coherent X-Ray Optics and Microscopy Qun Shen
Chapter 28. Requirements for X-Ray diffraction Scott T. Misture
Chapter 29. Requirements for X-Ray Fluorescence George J. Havrilla
Chapter 30. Requirements for X-Ray Spectroscopy Dirk Lützenkirchen-Hecht and Ronald Frahm
Chapter 31. Requirements for Medical Imaging and X-Ray Inspection Douglas Pfeiffer
Chapter 32. Requirements for Nuclear Medicine Lars R. Furenlid
Chapter 33. Requirements for X-Ray Astronomy Scott O. Rohrbach
Chapter 34. Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography Franco Cerrina and Fan Jiang
Chapter 35. Ray Tracing of X-Ray Optical Systems Franco Cerrina and M. Sanchez del Rio
Chapter 36. X-Ray Properties of Materials Eric M. Gullikson
Subpart 5.2. Refractive and Interference Optics
Chapter 37. Refractive X-Ray Lenses Bruno Lengeler and Christian G. Schroer
Chapter 38. Gratings and Monochromators in the VUV and Soft X-Ray Spectral Region
Malcolm R. Howells
Chapter 39. Crystal Monochromators and Bent Crystals Peter Siddons
Chapter 40. Zone Plates Alan Michette
Chapter 41. Multilayers Eberhard Spiller
Chapter 42. Nanofocusing of Hard X-Rays with Multilayer Laue Lenses Albert T. Macrander, Hanfei Yan,
Hyon Chol Kang, Jörg Maser, Chian Liu, Ray Conley, and G. Brian Stephenson
Chapter 43. Polarizing Crystal Optics Qun Shen
Subpart 5.3. Reflective Optics
Chapter 44. Reflective Optics James Harvey
Chapter 45. Aberrations for Grazing Incidence Optics Timo T. Saha
Chapter 46. X-Ray Mirror Metrology Peter Z. Takacs
Chapter 47. Astronomical X-Ray Optics Marshall K. Joy and Brian D. Ramsey
Chapter 48. Multifoil X-Ray Optics Ladislav Pina
Chapter 49. Pore Optics Marco Beijersbergen
Chapter 50. Adaptive X-Ray Optics Ali Khounsary
Chapter 51. The Schwarzschild Objective Franco Cerrina
Chapter 52. Single Capillaries Donald H. Bilderback and Sterling W. Cornaby
Chapter 53. Polycapillary X-Ray Optics Carolyn MacDonald and Walter M. Gibson
xxiv BRIEF CONTENTS OF ALL VOLUMES
Subpart 5.4. X-Ray Sources
Chapter 54. X-Ray Tube Sources Susanne M. Lee and Carolyn MacDonald
Chapter 55. Synchrotron Sources Steven L. Hulbert and Gwyn P. Williams
Chapter 56. Laser Generated Plasmas Alan Michette
Chapter 57. Pinch Plasma Sources Victor Kantsyrev
Chapter 58. X-Ray Lasers Greg Tallents
Chapter 59. Inverse Compton X-Ray Sources Frank Carroll
Subpart 5.5. X-Ray Detectors
Chapter 60. Introduction to X-Ray Detectors Walter M. Gibson and Peter Siddons
Chapter 61. Advances in Imaging Detectors Aaron Couture
Chapter 62. X-Ray Spectral Detection and Imaging Eric Lifshin
Subpart 5.6.Neutron Optics and Applications
Chapter 63. Neutron Optics David Mildner
Chapter 64. Grazing-Incidence Neutron Optics Mikhail Gubarev and Brian Ramsey

EDITORS’ PREFACE
The third edition of the Handbook of Optics is designed to pull together the dramatic developments
in both the basic and applied aspects of the field while retaining the archival, reference book value
of a handbook. This means that it is much more extensive than either the first edition, published
in 1978, or the second edition, with Volumes I and II appearing in 1995 and Volumes III and IV in
2001. To cover the greatly expanded field of optics, the Handbook now appears in five volumes. Over
100 authors or author teams have contributed to this work.
Volume I is devoted to the fundamentals, components, and instruments that make optics possible.
Volume II contains chapters on design, fabrication, testing, sources of light, detection, and a
new section devoted to radiometry and photometry. Volume III concerns vision optics only and is
printed entirely in color. In Volume IV there are chapters on the optical properties of materials, nonlinear,
quantum and molecular optics. Volume V has extensive sections on fiber optics and x ray and
neutron optics, along with shorter sections on measurements, modulators, and atmospheric optical
properties and turbulence. Several pages of color inserts are provided where appropriate to aid the
reader. A purchaser of the print version of any volume of the Handbook will be able to download
a digital version containing all of the material in that volume in PDF format to one computer (see
download instructions on bound-in card). The combined index for all five volumes can be downloaded
from www.HandbookofOpticsOnline.com.
It is possible by careful selection of what and how to present that the third edition of the
Handbook could serve as a text for a comprehensive course in optics. In addition, students who take
such a course would have the Handbook as a career-long reference.
Topics were selected by the editors so that the Handbook could be a desktop (bookshelf) general reference
for the parts of optics that had matured enough to warrant archival presentation. New chapters
were included on topics that had reached this stage since the second edition, and existing chapters from
the second edition were updated where necessary to provide this compendium. In selecting subjects to
include, we also had to select which subjects to leave out. The criteria we applied were: (1) was it a specific
application of optics rather than a core science or technology and (2) was it a subject in which the
role of optics was peripheral to the central issue addressed. Thus, such topics as medical optics, laser surgery,
and laser materials processing were not included. While applications of optics are mentioned in the
chapters there is no space in the Handbook to include separate chapters devoted to all of the myriad uses
of optics in today’s world. If we had, the third edition would be much longer than it is and much of it
would soon be outdated. We designed the third edition of the Handbook of Optics so that it concentrates
on the principles of optics that make applications possible.
Authors were asked to try to achieve the dual purpose of preparing a chapter that was a worthwhile
reference for someone working in the field and that could be used as a starting point to
become acquainted with that aspect of optics. They did that and we thank them for the outstanding
results seen throughout the Handbook. We also thank Mr. Taisuke Soda of McGraw-Hill for his help
in putting this complex project together and Mr. Alan Tourtlotte and Ms. Susannah Lehman of the
Optical Society of America for logistical help that made this effort possible.
We dedicate the third edition of the Handbook of Optics to all of the OSA volunteers who, since
OSA’s founding in 1916, give their time and energy to promoting the generation, application,
archiving, and worldwide dissemination of knowledge in optics and photonics.
Michael Bass, Editor-in-Chief
Associate Editors:
Casimer M. DeCusatis
Jay M. Enoch
Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan
Guifang Li
Carolyn MacDonald
Virendra N. Mahajan
Eric Van Stryland

2010新书【光学手册·第三版】卷一：Handbook.of.Optics

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