Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1 The pioneers of wireless communication 1
2 Evolution of awareness of electromagnetic compatibility 3
3 Electromagnetic compatibility of integrated circuits 5
4 Scope of this book 7
2. BASIC EMC CONCEPTS AT IC LEVEL 11
1 Introduction 11
2 Definition of EMC, EMI, EMS and EME 12
3 Sources of electromagnetic interference 14
4 Electromagnetism versus integrated circuit design 15
4.1 Electrical length 15
4.2 Near field versus far field 17
4.3 Radiation of a conductor 19
4.4 Basic EMC antenna concepts 20
4.5 Radiated, induced and conducted disturbances 22
4.6 Practical example 24
5 Intra-chip versus externally-coupled EMC 27
6 Analog versus digital integrated circuits 29
7 EMC in automotive applications 31
8 Immunity measurement methods for IC’s: IEC 62132 31
3. EMC OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS VERSUS DISTORTION 37
1 Introduction 37
2 Relationship between EMI resisting design and distortion 39
2.1 Linear distortion 39
2.2 Nonlinear distortion (rectification) 40
2.3 Weak and strong nonlinear distortion 43
3 Case study 1: diode connected NMOS transistor 45
4 Case study 2: NMOS source follower 50
5 Case study 3: NMOS current mirror 52
5.1 Capacitor decoupling the mirror node 57
5.2 Low-pass R-C filter in the mirror node 58
5.3 Low-pass R-C filter in the drain of M1 60
5.4 EMI resisting (4-transistor) current mirror 61
5.5 EMI resisting (Wilson totem pole) current mirror 67
5.6 Comparison of EMI susceptibility of current mirrors 69
6 Case study 4: EMI susceptibility in ESD protections 72
6.1 Weak nonlinear distortion in ESD protections 73
6.2 Strong nonlinear distortion in ESD protections 78
6.3 ESD protections: general conclusions 80
7 EMI induced DC shift 81
4. EMI RESISTING ANALOG OUTPUT CIRCUITS 83
1 Introduction 83
2 Categorization of analog output structures 85
2.1 Common-drain output circuits 85
2.2 Common-source output circuits 88
2.3 Comparing the electromagnetic susceptibility 89
2.4 Large EMI amplitudes 93
3 Case study 1: EMI resisting DC current regulator 95
3.1 EMI issues in a classic DC current regulator 95
3.1.1 EMI issues: small signal analysis 97
3.1.2 EMI issues: large signal analysis 99
3.1.3 Decoupling capacitor Cd 100
3.2 DC current regulator with a high immunity to EMI 102
3.3 Measurements 106
4 Case study 2: EMI resisting LIN driver 107
4.1 Classic LIN driver 111
4.1.1 Linear operation mode 114
4.1.2 Nonlinear operation mode 116
4.2 EMI resisting LIN driver topology: LIN driver 1 117
4.2.1 EMI path 1 118
4.2.2 EMI path 2 122
4.2.3 Slope control function 129
4.2.4 Measurements 129
4.3 EMI resisting LIN driver topology: LIN driver 2 133
4.3.1 Smart-power mode 133
4.3.2 Slope pumping reduction 136
4.3.3 Measurements 138
5. EMI RESISTING ANALOG INPUT CIRCUITS 141
1 Introduction 141
2 Case study 1: electromagnetic immunity of CMOS operational
amplifiers 142
2.1 Asymmetric slew rate 145
2.2 Strong nonlinear behavior of the input differential pair 148
2.3 Weak nonlinear behavior of the input differential pair 149
2.3.1 EMI induced offset in a classic differential pair 149
2.3.2 Classic differential pair using source degeneration 154
2.3.3 Cross-coupled differential pair 155
2.3.4 Differential pair with low-pass R-C filter 158
2.3.5 Improved cross-coupled differential pair 160
2.3.6 Source-buffered differential pair 161
2.3.7 Comparison 169
2.4 EMI induced offset measurement setups 169
2.5 Measurements 177
3 Case study 2: EMI resisting instrumentation amplifier input
circuit 182
3.1 Classic instrumentation amplifier input circuit 183
3.2 Input circuit using current sources modulation 189
3.3 Simulations 193
6. EMI RESISTING BANDGAP REFERENCES AND LOW
DROPOUT VOLTAGE REGULATORS 197
1 Introduction 197
2 Case study 1: CMOS bandgap voltage references with a high
immunity to EMI 201
2.1 EMI injection in a Kuijk bandgap reference (NPD) 202
2.1.1 Small signal analysis 205
2.1.2 Large signal analysis 206
2.2 EMI resisting Kuijk bandgap reference (PPD) 208
2.2.1 Small signal analysis 210
2.2.2 Large signal analysis 211
2.3 EMI resisting Kuijk bandgap reference (PPDAL) 211
2.3.1 Small signal analysis 213
2.3.2 Large signal analysis 214
2.4 Startup circuit and biasing 215
2.5 Measurements 215
3 Case study 2: EMI resisting low dropout voltage regulators 220
3.1 EMI issues in LDO voltage regulator circuits 220
3.2 Design example 226
7. EPILOGUE 227
REFERENCES 231
INDEX 241
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