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CONTENTS
Preface xiii
1 A Combined Electrostatic–Electrodynamic Approach
to Lightning Pre-Stroke Phenomena and Related
EMC Problems 1
1.1 Preliminary Remarks 1
1.2 Thundercloud Electrostatic Modelling 3
1.3 Electric Field at the Plane 5
1.4 On-Axis Electric Field 10
1.5 Pre-Stroke Electrostatics 12
1.6 Pre-Stroke Electrodynamics 19
1.7 Concluding Remarks 22
Appendix A 24
A.1 On-ground field 27
A.2 On-axis field (below the cell bottom) 28
Appendix B 28
Appendix C 32
C.1 Space-charge-free electrostatic solution 32
C.2 Space-charge-free electrodynamic solution 33
C.3 E-field solution including corona 34
Appendix D 37
References 40
2 A Reasoned Approach to Lightning Electromagnetics
and Coupling to Nearby Power Transmission Lines 43
2.1 Introduction 43
2.2 Remarks on the Pre-Stroke and Stroke-in-Progress Phases 46
2.2.1 Corona activity 46
2.2.2 Surge current velocity 48
2.2.3 Earth performances 49
2.3 Antenna Model 50
2.4 Discussion 53
2.5 Return-Stroke Current 57
2.6 Induced Voltage on a Nearby Line 60
2.6.1 Actual excitation field 60
2.6.2 Coupling to a nearby line 62
2.6.3 Example of application and discussion 66
2.7 Concluding Remarks 69
Appendix A 73
Appendix B 74
References 76
3 Effects of Geomagnetic Storms on Long Distance
AC Transmission Systems 79
3.1 Introduction 79
3.2 System Representation 80
3.2.1 Power transformer and autotransformer
representation 81
3.2.2 Static VAR compensator representation 83
3.3 Coordinated Compensation Strategy 84
3.4 Test Results 87
3.5 Conclusions 90
References 90
4 Evaluation of the AC Interferences between
Transmission Lines and Metallic Underground
Structures 93
4.1 Introduction 93
4.2 System Representation 97
4.3 Test Results 102
4.4 Conclusions 107
References 107
5 The Crucial Case of Quasistatic Magnetic Field
Penetration into Metallic Enclosures:
An Unexplored Model 109
5.1 Introduction 109
5.2 Unloaded Short Aperture 113
5.2.1 Preliminary remarks 113
5.2.2 Concentrated magnetic flux penetration 114
5.2.3 Distributed magnetic field penetration 114
5.3 Loaded Short Aperture and Perforated Sheet 120
Appendix A 124
Flux linking a short elliptic aperture 124
Appendix B 127
Resistance and inductance of an elliptic aperture
when resulting unfilled, or filled by a
continuous sheet 127
Appendix C 129
Flux penetration into an aperture blocked by
a sheet of different material 129
Appendix D 130
Some remarks on the notion of flux linkage
applied to a hole 130
References 131
6 Diakoptic Approach to EMC Problems Involving
the Human Body 133
6.1 Introduction 133
6.2 Diakoptic Approach Applied to ELF Electric Field
Exposure of HB 135
6.2.1 Evaluation of equivalent capacitances to earth 135
6.2.2 Effective electrostatic heights and evaluation
of the junction currents 140
6.2.3 Earthed person on the plane 141
6.2.4 Person suspended above the earth 145
6.3 Improved HB Model for ESD Applications 146
6.3.1 Preliminary remarks 146
6.3.2 Evaluation of the serial parameters Ri and Li 147
6.3.3 Transient analysis 149
6.3.4 Contact discharge mode 153
6.3.5 Air discharge mode 159
6.4 Conclusions 160
Appendix A 161
Sphere above a plane 161
References 162
7 New Power Quality Assessment Criteria for
Harmonic Disturbances 165
7.1 Introduction about Power Quality 166
7.1.1 Different kinds of disturbances 167
7.1.2 Frequency variations 168
7.1.3 Voltage amplitude variations 168
7.1.4 Waveform variation 170
7.2 Electromagnetic Compatibility: Standards 171
7.2.1 IEC harmonic standards 172
7.2.2 IEEE Harmonic standards 175
7.2.3 Comparison of IEC and IEEE standards
harmonic limits 175
7.3 Harmonic Distortion Level Monitoring 176
7.3.1 Evaluation of the voltage and current distortion 176
7.3.2 The need for new indices 177
7.4 New Power Quality Assessment Criteria for Supply
Systems under Non-Sinusoidal Conditions 179
7.4.1 Basic assumptions 179
7.4.2 New criterion for harmonic distortion evaluation 180
7.4.3 Simulation results 181
7.4.4 Experimental results 183
7.5 Conclusions 188
References 188
8 Design of Line Front-End Converter Systems
under Real Line Conditions 191
8.1 Introduction 191
8.2 Basic Function, Operating Limits and Mathematical
Models 194
8.3 Basic Control 198
8.3.1 Phase control 198
8.3.2 AC current control 199
8.3.3 Two axis-based current control 199
8.3.4 Use of averaging and linearisation 200
8.3.5 The voltage oriented control 201
8.4 Advanced Control Techniques 202
8.4.1 Sensorless control techniques 202
8.4.2 Direct power control 204
8.5 Design Criteria for PI-Based Current Controller 204
8.5.1 PI-based current control design example 211
8.6 Design Criteria for DC Voltage Control 215
8.6.1 PI-based voltage control 215
8.6.2 PI-based voltage control design example 217
8.7 Non-Ideal Operating Conditions 219
8.7.1 Delays 220
8.7.2 Grid unbalance 220
8.7.3 Position of the grid sensors 222
8.7.4 Passive damping of the LCL filter 222
8.8 Conclusions 223
References 223
9 Adjoint Network Theory to Analyse the Power
Converters with Respect to their Line-side
Behaviour 225
9.1 Introduction 225
9.2 VSC Power Converters Connected to the Line 227
9.3 Modelling of the Current Controlled Voltage Source
Converter with the “Virtual Circuit” Approach 229
9.4 Sensitivity Analysis in the Frequency Domain 233
9.4.1 Basic definitions 233
9.4.2 Application of the adjoint network 234
9.5 Sensitivity Analysis Based on the Adjoint Circuit:
Case Study 236
9.5.1 Sensitivity of the line current with respect to
the transformer inductance 236
9.5.2 Sensitivity of the line current with respect to
the number of sample delays 237
9.5.3 Sensitivity analysis with respect to the LCL filter 239
9.6 Conclusions 243
References 244
10 Harmonic Load Flow Applications for Industrial
Power Systems Design 245
10.1 Introduction 245
10.2 Power System Response to Harmonics 247
10.3 Probabilistic Formulation 253
10.4 Case Study 256
10.5 Passive Harmonic Filters 261
10.6 Minimal Cost Design for Harmonic Reduction 262
10.7 Optimisation Algorithm 264
10.8 Case Study 265
References 26611 Shunt Active Filters to Mitigate Harmonic
Propagation in Distribution Lines 269
11.1 Introduction 269
11.2 Active Filters 270
11.3 Identification of the Polluting Load 272
11.4 Shunt Active Filters (SAFs) 274
11.4.1 Reference current generation 276
11.4.2 p–q method 278
11.4.3 APF AC current control 280
11.5 Optimisation Methods for SAFs 283
11.5.1 Introduction to fuzzy control 283
11.5.2 The fuzzy logic applied to the current
control of SAFs 285
11.5.3 Introduction to the use of Nelder–Mead
optimisation 285
11.5.4 The Nelder–Mead optimisation of the third
harmonic compensated by an AF 290
11.6 Real-Time Control Implementation 291
11.6.1 Control code sections 291
11.6.2 Fuzzy algorithm software implementation 294
11.7 Conclusions 296
References 296
Index 299

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