Radio Wave Propagation for Telecommunication Applications: Springer - Radio Wave Propagation for Telecommunication Applications.pdf

Radio Wave Propagation
for Telecommunication
Applications

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005
Printed in Germany


Translator: Pierre de Fornel.
Originally published in French by Springer-Verlag, Paris 2003

toc
1 Introduction to the Propagation of Radio Waves..................................................1
1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................1
1.1.1 Propagation Mechanisms .....................................................................1
1.1.2 Propagation Environment.....................................................................3
1.1.3 Antennas...............................................................................................4
1.1.4. Selectivity............................................................................................4
1.1.5. Propagation Modelling ........................................................................5
1.2. Overview of the Book.................................................................................5
2 The Earth's Atmosphere .....................................................................................13
2.1 Structure.....................................................................................................13
2.1.1 The Homosphere ................................................................................13
2.1.2 The Heterosphere ...............................................................................15
2.1.3 The Ionosphere...................................................................................15
2.2 Atmospheric Composition .........................................................................20
2.2.1 Major Atmospheric Constituents........................................................20
2.2.2 Minor Atmospheric Constituents .......................................................20
2.2.3 Aerosols..............................................................................................21
2.3 Atmospheric Parameters ............................................................................22
2.3.1 Atmospheric Pressure.........................................................................22
2.3.2 Temperature .......................................................................................22
2.3.3 Relative Humidity ..............................................................................23
2.3.4 Water Vapour Partial Pressure ...........................................................24
2.3.5 Dew Point...........................................................................................25
2.3.6 Saturation Vapour Pressure ................................................................25
2.3.7 Water Vapour Density........................................................................26
2.4 Weather Phenomena ..................................................................................26
2.4.1 Sunshine Duration ..............................................................................26
2.4.2 Solar Radiation...................................................................................26
2.4.3 Evaporation ........................................................................................26
2.4.4 Condensation......................................................................................27
2.4.5 Solidification and Melting..................................................................27
2.4.6 Superfusion.........................................................................................27
2.4.7 Reverse Sublimation...........................................................................27
2.4.8 Wind...................................................................................................28
2.4.9 Turbulence..........................................................................................28
2.4.10 Advection .........................................................................................29

2.4.11 Subsidence........................................................................................ 29
2.4.12 Nebulosity ........................................................................................ 30
2.4.13 Meteors............................................................................................. 30
2.4.14 Fog and Mist .................................................................................... 30
2.4.15 Precipitations.................................................................................... 32
2.4.16 Clouds .............................................................................................. 32
2.4.17 Auroras and Auroral Activity........................................................... 33
References ....................................................................................................... 33
3 Electromagnetic Waves and Propagation Characteristics .................................. 35
3.1 Basic Properties of Electromagnetic Waves .............................................. 35
3.1.1 Electromagnetic Parameters characterising Wave Propagation ......... 35
3.1.2 Maxwell's Equations .......................................................................... 36
3.1.3 Propagation Velocity (Phase Speed) .................................................. 38
3.1.4 Wavelength and/or Frequency............................................................ 39
3.1.5 Characteristic Impedance of the Propagation Medium ...................... 39
3.1.6 Poynting Vector ................................................................................. 40
3.1.7 Refractive Index ................................................................................. 40
3.1.8 Wave Polarisation .............................................................................. 41
3.1.9 Depolarisation .................................................................................... 43
3.1.10 Cross-Polarisation ............................................................................ 43
3.1.11 Cross-Polarisation Discrimination or Decoupling Ratio .................. 43
3.1.12 Cross-Polarisation Isolation ............................................................. 44
3.2 Propagation Mechanisms........................................................................... 44
3.2.1 Reflection ........................................................................................... 44
3.2.2 Transmission ...................................................................................... 49
3.2.3 Diffraction .......................................................................................... 49
3.2.4 Diffusion ............................................................................................ 51
3.2.5 Guiding............................................................................................... 51
3.3 Main Physical Phenomena and Frequency Dependence............................ 52
3.3.1 Path Propagation ................................................................................ 52
3.3.2 Fresnel Ellipsoids ............................................................................... 53
3.3.3 Free-Space Attenuation ...................................................................... 54
3.3.4 Variability .......................................................................................... 56
3.3.5 Frequency Selectivity......................................................................... 59
References ....................................................................................................... 66
4 Ionospheric Links............................................................................................... 69
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 69
4.2 Ionospheric Refraction............................................................................... 69
4.3 Trajectory Calculation ............................................................................... 78
4.4 Ionospheric Forecasts ................................................................................ 81
4.4.1 Long-Term Forecasts ......................................................................... 81
4.4.2 Medium-Term Forecasts .................................................................... 89
4.4.3 Short-Term Forecasts ......................................................................... 90
4.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 91
References........................................................................................................91
5 Terrestrial Fixed Links .......................................................................................93
5.1. Introduction...............................................................................................93
5.2 Radioelectric Parameters of the Atmosphere.............................................94
5.2.1 Refractive Index .................................................................................94
5.2.2. Modified Refractive Index ................................................................95
5.2.3 Reference Atmosphere for Refraction................................................97
5.2.4 Vertical Gradient of the Refractive Index ..........................................98
5.2.5 Variability of the Refractive Index.....................................................98
5.3 Refraction ................................................................................................100
5.3.1. Trajectories of Radio Waves ...........................................................100
5.3.2 Radius of Curvature of the Paths of Radio Waves ...........................100
5.3.3 Effective Earth Radius......................................................................102
5.3.4. Effects of Refractivity Variations....................................................103
5.4 Experimental Results on the Refractive Index.........................................105
5.4.1 Refractivity.......................................................................................105
5.4.2 Refractivity Gradient........................................................................105
5.4.3 Cumulative Distribution of the Refractivity Gradient ......................106
5.4.4 Cartography......................................................................................107
5.5 Modelling of the Cumulative Distributions of the Refractivity Gradient 108
5.5.1 Evaluation of the Median .................................................................109
5.5.2 Percentage of Time that the Gradient is lower than the Median.......109
5.5.3 Percentage of Time that the Gradient is higher than the Median .....110
5.6 Main Propagation Mechanisms................................................................111
5.6.1 Line-of-Sight Propagation ................................................................113
5.6.2 Tropospheric Scatter.........................................................................114
5.6.3 Duct Propagation..............................................................................119
5.6.4. Reflection at Elevated Layers..........................................................122
5.6.5 Diffraction ........................................................................................124
5.7 Experimental Results ...............................................................................127
5.7.1 Tropospheric Scatter.........................................................................128
5.7.2 Duct Propagation..............................................................................128
5.7.3 Reflection at Elevated Layers...........................................................128
5.7.4 Spherical Diffraction and Superrefraction........................................129
5.7.5 Daily Variation of the Path Loss ......................................................129
5.7.6 Seasonal Variation of the Path Loss .................................................130
5.7.7 Statistical Distribution of the Path Loss ...........................................131
5.7.8 Experimental Results on Propagation Mechanisms .........................133
5.8 Influence of Rain on Propagation ............................................................134
5.8.1 Experimental Device ........................................................................135
5.9 Propagation Modelling ............................................................................142
5.9.1 First Order Complex Polynomial Model or Greenstein Model ........143
5.9.2 Two-Ray Model with Fixed Delay...................................................144
5.9.3. Normalised Two-Ray Model...........................................................144
5.10 Performance Prediction..........................................................................144
5.10.1 Quality Prediction .......................................................................... 144
5.10.2 Signature of a Radio System .......................................................... 146
References ..................................................................................................... 148
6 Satellite Links................................................................................................... 153
6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 153
6.2 Free-Space Attenuation ........................................................................... 153
6.3 Phenomena associated to the Refractive Indexes .................................... 154
6.3.1 Troposphere...................................................................................... 154
6.3.2 Ionosphere ........................................................................................ 155
6.3.3 Refraction......................................................................................... 157
6.3.4 Delay and Propagation Time Distortion........................................... 158
6.3.5 Direction of Arrival.......................................................................... 161
6.3.6 Rotation of the Polarisation Plane .................................................... 161
6.3.7 Scintillations..................................................................................... 161
6.4 Attenuation by Atmospheric Gases ......................................................... 162
6.5 Hydrometeor Attenuation ........................................................................ 164
6.5.1 Attenuation due to Clouds and Fog.................................................. 164
6.5.2 Rain Attenuation .............................................................................. 166
6.6 Depolarisation Attenuation ...................................................................... 169
6.7 Building Penetration Loss........................................................................ 170
6.8 Attenuation due to the Local Environment .............................................. 171
6.8.1 Effects of Buildings.......................................................................... 171
6.8.2 Effects of Vegetation........................................................................ 171
References ..................................................................................................... 173
7 Mobile Radio Links......................................................................................... 175
7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 175
7.2 Types of Models ...................................................................................... 177
7.2.1 Theoretical Models........................................................................... 177
7.2.2 Empirical or Statistical Models ........................................................ 177
7.2.3 Semi-Empirical Models.................................................................... 179
7.3 Uses of Models ........................................................................................ 179
7.4 Macrocell Models .................................................................................... 179
7.4.1 Rural Models.................................................................................... 180
7.4.2 Mountainous Model ......................................................................... 182
7.5 Small Cell Models ................................................................................... 184
7.5.1 COST-CNET Model ........................................................................ 184
7.5.2 Lee Model ........................................................................................ 190
7.6 Microcell Models..................................................................................... 192
7.6.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 192
7.6.2 MicroG-CNET Model ...................................................................... 192
7.7 Ray Launching Model ............................................................................. 196
7.9 Building Penetration Loss Models........................................................... 199
7.9 Indoor Propagation Models ..................................................................... 202
7.9.1 Empirical Models ............................................................................. 202

7.9.2 Deterministic Models .......................................................................203
7.10 Broadband Models.................................................................................204
7.10.1 Introduction ....................................................................................204
7.10.2 Path Loss Models ...........................................................................205
7.10.3 Representation Models ...................................................................216
7.10.4 Ray Models ....................................................................................221
7.10.5. Geometrical Models ......................................................................222
7.10.6 Uses of Broadband Models in Simulation Software.......................224
11 References.................................................................................................226
Appendices ..........................................................................................................231
A The Sun and the Solar Activity........................................................................233
A.1 Introduction.............................................................................................233
A.2 The Photosphere......................................................................................234
A.2.1 Granulation......................................................................................235
A.2.2 Sunspots...........................................................................................235
A.2.3 The Magnetic Fields of Sunspots ....................................................236
A.3 The Chromosphere..................................................................................237
A.3.1 Plages ..............................................................................................237
A.3.2. Prominences and Filaments ............................................................237
A.3.3 Fibrils ..............................................................................................238
A.4 The Solar Corona ....................................................................................238
A.5 The Solar Wind.......................................................................................238
A.6 The Magnetosphere.................................................................................239
A.7 Solar Activity ..........................................................................................240
A.7.1 Wolf Number...................................................................................240
A.7.2 Radio Flux at the 10.7 cm Wavelength ...........................................242
A.7.3 Correlation of the Wolf Number and the Solar Radio Flux.............242
A.8 Solar Flares .............................................................................................243
A.8.1 Solar Radio Emissions.....................................................................244
A.8.2 Corpuscular Radiation .....................................................................245
A.8.4 Emissions of Shock Waves..............................................................245
References......................................................................................................245
B Microphysical Properties of Hydrometeors .....................................................247
B.1 Rain and Drizzle......................................................................................247
B.2 Snow .......................................................................................................250
B.3 Hail..........................................................................................................251
B.4 Fog ..........................................................................................................253
References......................................................................................................254
C The Frequency Spectrum .................................................................................257
C.1 Introduction.............................................................................................257
C.2 Frequency Bands.....................................................................................257
C.2.1 ELF Waves ......................................................................................257
C.2.2 VLF Waves...................................................................................... 258
C.2.3 LF Waves ........................................................................................ 259
C.2.4 MF waves (300-3000 kHz).............................................................. 259
C.2.5 HF waves ......................................................................................... 260
C.2.6 VHF Waves ..................................................................................... 261
C.2.7 UHF waves ...................................................................................... 262
C.2.8 SHF Waves...................................................................................... 262
C.2.9 EHF Waves...................................................................................... 263
C.2.10 Sub-UHF waves............................................................................. 264
C.2.11 Infrared and Light Waves .............................................................. 265
C.3 IMT-2000 Frequency Allocation ............................................................ 266
C.4 Frequency Bands used in Satellite Communications (COST255 2000).. 266
C.5 P, L, S, X, K, Q, V and W band (Freeman) ............................................ 267
References ..................................................................................................... 269
D Cross-Polarisation induced by the Atmosphere............................................... 271
D.1 Introduction............................................................................................. 271
D.1.1 Cross-Polarisation Discrimination................................................... 271
D.1.2 Cross-Polarisation Isolation............................................................. 272
D.2 Cross-Polarisation Discrimination Models ............................................. 273
D.2.1. Cross-Polarisation caused by Rain ................................................. 273
D.2.2. Cross-Polarisation caused by Ice Particles ..................................... 277
D.2.3 Cross-Polarisation caused by Dust and Sandstorms ........................ 277
D.2.4 Cross-Polarisation in Clear Atmosphere ......................................... 278
References ..................................................................................................... 279
E Fresnel Equations............................................................................................. 281
E.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 281
E.2 Horizontal Polarisation............................................................................ 282
E.3 Vertical Polarisation................................................................................ 283
E.4 Unspecified Polarisation ......................................................................... 284
E.5 Multiple Reflections and Transmissions ................................................. 285
F Ionospheric and Geomagnetic Disturbances associated with Solar Events...... 287
F.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 287
F.2 Sudden Ionospheric Disturbances ........................................................... 288
F.2.1 Sudden Enhancement of Atmospherics............................................ 289
F.2.2 Sudden Enhancements of Signals .................................................... 291
F.2.3 Sudden Phase Anomalies at Very Low Frequencies........................ 293
F.3 Polar Cap Absorption .............................................................................. 298
F.4 Geomagnetic Disturbances ...................................................................... 299
F.5 Ionospheric Storms.................................................................................. 302
F.6 Auroras .................................................................................................... 303
F.7 Conclusion............................................................................................... 304
References ..................................................................................................... 305
G Investigation Methods of the Ionosphere.........................................................307
G.1 Vertical or Oblique Bottomside Sounding..............................................307
G.2 Vertical Topside Sounding......................................................................308
G.3 Backscatter Sounding..............................................................................309
G.4 Incoherent Scatter Sounding ...................................................................309
G.5 Riometers ................................................................................................310
G.6 Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Receivers .............................310
References......................................................................................................311
H The Terrestrial Magnetic Field and the Magnetic Indexes ..............................313
H.1 The Terrestrial Magnetic Field ...............................................................313
H.2 Magnetic Indexes....................................................................................315
H.2.1 K Index............................................................................................315
H.2.2 Kp Index...........................................................................................315
H.2.3 AP Index ..........................................................................................316
H.2.4 AA Index .........................................................................................316
H.2.5 Dst Index .........................................................................................316
H.2.6 AE Index..........................................................................................316
References......................................................................................................317
I Rain Attenuation ...............................................................................................319
I.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................319
I.2 Statistical Models for Rain Attenuation ...................................................319
I.2.1 Assis-Einloft Model ..........................................................................319
I.2.2 Brazilian Model ................................................................................321
I.2.3 Bryant Model ....................................................................................323
References......................................................................................................324
J Vegetation Attenuation .....................................................................................325
J.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................325
J.2 Vegetation Attenuation Models................................................................325
J.2.1 Exponential Decay Model (EXD Model) .........................................325
J.2.2 Modified Exponential Decay Model (MED Model).........................326
J.2.3 Rice Model........................................................................................327
J.2.4 ITU-R Model ....................................................................................327
J.2.5 Al-Nuami - Hammoudeh Model.......................................................328
J.2.6 Stephens Model ................................................................................328
J.2.7 Radiative Transfer Models................................................................329
J.2.8 MIMICS Model (MIchigan MICrowave Scattering) ........................333
J.2.9. Karam-Fung Model..........................................................................334
J.3 Experimental Results................................................................................335
J.3.1 Fixed Link Measurements.................................................................336
3.2 Mobile Link Measurements.................................................................339
References......................................................................................................343
K Diffraction Models ..........................................................................................345
K.1 Diffraction by a Single Knife Edge ........................................................ 345
K.2 Diffraction by Multiple Knife Edges ...................................................... 348
K.2.1 Theoretical Methods........................................................................ 348
K.2.2 Approximate Methods..................................................................... 352
K.3 Diffraction by a Single Rounded Obstacle ............................................. 364
K.3.1 Wait Method.................................................................................... 364
K.3.2 ITU-R Method................................................................................. 366
References ..................................................................................................... 368
L Mobile Radio Measurements ........................................................................... 369
L.1 Measurement of the Field Strength ......................................................... 369
L.2 Measurement of the Impulse Response................................................... 370
L.3 Measurement of the Directions of Arrival............................................... 372
L.4 AMERICC Propagation Channel Sounder.............................................. 373
References ..................................................................................................... 373
M Directions of Arrival....................................................................................... 375
M.1 Introduction............................................................................................ 375
M.2 Experimental Determination of Directions of Arrival............................ 375
M.3 Mathematical Modelling of the Signal................................................... 376
M.4 Determination Methods of the Directions of Arrival ............................. 378
M.4.1 Linear Methods............................................................................... 378
M.4.2 Non-Linear or High Resolution Methods ....................................... 382
References ..................................................................................................... 390
N Geographical Databases .................................................................................. 391
N.1 Introduction............................................................................................. 391
N.2 Digital Terrain Model ............................................................................. 391
N.3 Global Land Use Data............................................................................. 392
N.4 Local Data............................................................................................... 394
N.4.1 Building Contours ........................................................................... 395
N.4.2 Communication Lines ..................................................................... 396
N.4.3 Raster Data ...................................................................................... 396
N.4.4 Local Land Use Data....................................................................... 397
N.5 GLOBE Terrain Data.............................................................................. 398
N.6 Building Height ...................................................................................... 399
N.7 Street Width ............................................................................................ 399
N.8 Indoor Data ............................................................................................. 400
N.9 Future Developments.............................................................................. 400
References ..................................................................................................... 400
O Determination of the Electromagnetic Field after Interaction with Structures 403
O.1 Introduction............................................................................................. 403
O.2 Geometrical Optics Method.................................................................... 403
O.3 Geometrical Theory of Diffraction ......................................................... 405
O.4 Uniform Theory of Diffraction ............................................................... 407

O.5 Finite Difference in Time Domain Method.............................................409
O.6 Moment Method......................................................................................411
O.7 Parabolic Equation Method.....................................................................413
References......................................................................................................414

ITU-R
参考标准数据
Rec. ITU-R P.453-7.pdf  
Rec. ITU-R P.835-3.pdf
版本有点老；

最近被迫在看的电波大气传输的资料。
国内的数据资料真不好找。

我也想看哇   就是英文太差了：18de

感谢楼主分享

这本书英文很流畅，容易懂。
是由法文翻译成英文的。

谢谢慷慨的楼主

感谢分享，谢谢

感谢楼主的分享