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Optical Frequency-modulated Continuous-wave(FMCW) Interferometry
书名： Optical Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) Interferometry 05-254
作者： Jesse Zheng
出版社： Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
格式： PDF
Preface .…………………………………………………………….. vii
Glossary …………………………………………………………….. xv
Chapter 1 Introduction to Optical Frequency-Modulated
Continuous-Wave Interference. …………………………. 1
1.1 Historical Development …………………………………….. 2
1.2 Optical FMCW Interference and its Characteristics .………. 4
Chapter 2 Principles of Optical Frequency-Modulated
Continuous-Wave Interference ………………………….. 7
2.1 Overview of Physical Optics. ……………………………… 7
2.2 Optical FMCW Interference ………………………………. 16
2.2.1 Sawtooth-Wave Optical FMCW Interference ….…. 20
2.2.2 Triangular-Wave Optical FMCW Interference …… 28
2.2.3 Sinusoidal-Wave Optical FMCW Interference …… 32
2.3 Multiple-Beam Optical FMCW Interference ……………… 38
2.4 Multiple-Wavelength Optical FMCW Interference ………. 40
Chapter 3 Optical Sources for Optical Frequency-Modulated
Continuous-Wave Interference. ………………………… 45
3.1 Introduction to Optical Sources …………………………… 45
3.2 Laser Principles …………………………………………… 46
3.2.1 Energy Levels in Substances ……………………… 46
3.2.2 Optical Absorption and Emissions ………………... 47
3.2.3 Active Medium and Population Inversion ………… 49
3.2.4 Optical Resonator and Laser Modes ……………… 53
3.2.5 Frequency Modulation ………………………….… 57
3.3 Semiconductor Lasers (Laser Diodes) …………………….. 62
xii Contents
3.3.1 Energy Bands in Semiconductors ………………… 62
3.3.2 Optical Absorption and Emissions
in Semiconductors ………………………………… 66
3.3.3 Active Medium and Population Inversion
of Semiconductor Lasers …………………………. 67
3.3.4 Optical Resonator and Modes of Semiconductor
Lasers …………………………………………….. 74
3.3.5 Frequency Modulation of Semiconductor Lasers … 76
3.3.6 Driving Circuits for Semiconductor Lasers ………. 79
3.3.7 Laser Noise, Frequency Drift and Feedback Light
Effect …………………………………………….. 80
Chapter 4 Optical Detectors for Optical Frequency-Modulated
Continuous-Wave Interference ……………………….… 83
4.1 Introduction to Optical Detectors ………………………… 83
4.2 Semiconductor Photodiodes ………………………………. 86
4.2.1 PN Photodiodes …………………………………... 87
4.2.2 PIN Photodiodes ………………………………….. 90
4.2.3 Avalanche Photodiodes (APD) …………………… 91
4.3 Photodiode Biasing and Signal Amplification …………….. 93
4.4 Noise in Detection Process ………………………………... 96
Chapter 5 Coherence Theory of Optical Frequency-Modulated
Continuous-Wave Interference …………………………. 99
5.1 Effect of the Frequency Bandwidth of Optical Sources ….. 99
5.2 Coherence of Optical FMCW Waves …………………….. 104
5.3 Influence of the Phase Noise of Optical Sources …………. 107
Chapter 6 Optical Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave
Interferometers ……………………………………..….. 111
6.1 Construction of Optical FMCW Interferometers ……….... 111
6.2 The Michelson FMCW Interferometer …………………… 116
6.3 The Mach-Zehnder FMCW Interferometer ………………. 118
6.4 The Fabry-Perot FMCW Interferometer ………………….. 119
Chapter 7 Fiber-optic Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave
Interferometers ……………………….………………… 121
7.1 Introduction to Optical Fibers …………………………… 121
Contents xiii
7.1.1 Single-Mode Optical Fibers …………………….. 125
7.1.2 Birefringent Optical Fibers ……………………… 126
7.2 Introduction to Fiber-optic Components ………………… 130
7.2.1 Fiber-optic Directional Couplers ………………... 131
7.2.2 Fiber-optic Polarizers …………………………… 135
7.2.3 Fiber-optic Polarization Controllers …………….. 136
7.2.4 Fiber-optic Connectors ………………………….. 138
7.2.5 Fiber-optic Splices ………………………………. 141
7.3 Fiber-optic Michelson FMCW Interferometers ………….. 142
7.4 Fiber-optic Mach-Zehnder FMCW Interferometers ……... 145
7.5 Fiber-optic Fabry-Perot FMCW Interferometers ………… 146
Chapter 8 Multiplexed Fiber-optic Frequency-Modulated
Continuous-Wave Interferometers ……………………. 149
8.1 Frequency-Division Multiplexed Fiber-optic FMCW
Interferometers …………………………………………… 150
8.2 Time-Division Multiplexed Fiber-optic FMCW
Interferometers …………………………………………… 152
8.3 Time-Frequency-Division Multiplexed Fiber-optic FMCW
Interferometers …………………………………………… 154
8.4 Coherence-Division Multiplexed Fiber-optic FMCW
Interferometers …………………………………………… 155
Chapter 9 Fiber-optic Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave
Interferometric Sensors ……..………………………….. 159
9.1 Introduction to Fiber-optic Sensors ……………………… 159
9.2 Fiber-optic FMCW Interferometric Displacement Sensors 161
9.2.1 Reflectometric Single-Mode Fiber FMCW
Displacement Sensors …………………………… 162
9.2.2 Multiplexed Reflectometric Single-Mode Fiber
FMCW Displacement Sensors ………………….. 165
9.3 Fiber-optic FMCW Interferometric Strain Sensors ……… 182
9.3.1 Behavior of Birefringent Fibers under
Tensile Forces ………………………………….... 182
9.3.2 Transmissive Birefringent Fiber FMCW Strain
Sensors ………………………………………….. 186
9.3.3 Reflectometric Birefringent Fiber FMCW Strain
Sensors ………………………………………..… 189
xiv Contents
9.4 Fiber-optic FMCW Interferometric Stress Sensors ………. 194
9.4.1 Behavior of Birefringent Fibers under
Perpendicular Forces ……………………………. 194
9.4.2 Transmissive Distributed Birefringent Fiber
FMCW Stress Sensors …………………………… 196
9.4.3 Reflectometric Distributed Birefringent Fiber
FMCW Stress Sensors …………………………... 198
9.5 Fiber-optic FMCW Interferometric Temperature Sensors .. 201
9.5.1 Reflectometric Single-Mode Fiber FMCW
Temperature Sensors ……………………………. 201
9.5.2 Multiplexed Reflectometric Single-Mode Fiber
FMCW Temperature Sensors …………………… 203
9.6 Fiber-optic FMCW Interferometric Rotation Sensors
(Gyroscopes) …………………………………………….. 204
9.6.1 Principles of Fiber-optic Gyroscopes …………… 204
9.6.2 Single-Mode Fiber FMCW Gyroscopes ………… 213
9.6.3 Differential Single-Mode Fiber
FMCW Gyroscopes ……………………………… 215
9.6.4 Birefringent Fiber FMCW Gyroscopes …………. 216
9.6.5 Differential Birefringent Fiber
FMCW Gyroscopes ……………………………… 219
Chapter 10 Signal Processing of Optical Frequency-Modulated
Continuous-Wave Interference ………………………... 223
10.1 Frequency Measurement ………………………………… 224
10.1.1 Time-Fixed Cycle-Counting Method …………… 225
10.1.2 Number-Fixed Cycle-Counting Method ………… 226
10.1.3 Pulse-Filling Method ……………………………. 228
10.2 Phase Measurement ……………………………………… 230
10.2.1 Pulse-Filling Method ……………………………. 230
10.2.2 Phase-Locked-Loop Method ………………….… 232
10.2.3 Digital Signal Processing Method ………………. 233
References …………………………………………………………… 235
Index …………………………………………………………… 241
Zheng, Jesse| Springer Verlag| 2005.02.01 | 245p | ISBN : 0387230092
Optical+Frequency-Modulated+Continuous-Wave+(FMCW)+Interferometry.rar
