Radar Techniques Using Array Antennas: Radar Techniques Using Array Antennas.part1.rar

Radar Techniques Using Array Antennas (FEE Radar, Sonar, Navigation & Avionics Series) By W. Wirth
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Publisher: Institution Electrical Engineers
Number Of Pages: 420
Publication Date: 2001-08-10
ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0852967985 ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780852967980
Binding: Hardcover
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Book Description: This book gives an introduction to the possibilities of radar technology based on active array antennas, giving examples of modern practical systems, many of which were developed in Europe. In addition to coverage of antennas, array signal processing, adaptive digital beamforming, adaptive monopulse, superresolution, and sequential detection, several modern systems are described including space-time adaptive processing (STAP), moving target detection using synthetic aperture radar (SAR), and several other experimental phased array radar systems. There are many valuable lessons presented for designers of future high standard multifunction radar systems for military and civil applications. The book will appeal to graduate level engineers, researchers, and managers in the field of radar, aviation and space technology.

Contents
Preface ................................................................................ xv
1. Introduction ................................................................. 1
2. Signal Representation and Mathematical
Tools ............................................................................ 5
2.1 Vectors, Matrices ........................................................... 5
2.2 Computing with Matrices ............................................... 6
2.2.1 Addition and Subtraction .............................. 6
2.2.2 Multiplication ................................................ 7
2.2.3 Identity Matrix .............................................. 8
2.2.4 Inverse Matrix .............................................. 9
2.2.5 Eigenvalue Decomposition ........................... 9
2.2.6 QR Decomposition ....................................... 10
2.3 Fourier Transform .......................................................... 10
2.3.1 Fast Fourier Transform, FFT ........................ 12
2.4 Filter in the Frequency and Time Domain ..................... 12
2.5 Correlation ..................................................................... 15
2.6 Wiener Khintchine Theorem .......................................... 16
2.7 References .................................................................... 17
3. Statistical Signal Theory ............................................ 19
3.1 The General Tasks of Signal Processing ...................... 19
3.2 Introduction to Basics of Statistics ................................. 20
3.2.1 Probabilities for Discrete Random
Variables ...................................................... 21
viii Contents
This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.
3.2.2 Continuous Random Variables ..................... 23
3.2.3 Functions of Random Variables ................... 26
3.2.4 Statistical Averages ..................................... 30
3.2.5 Correlation ................................................... 32
3.2.6 Gaussian Density Function .......................... 32
3.2.7 Correlated Gaussian Variables .................... 33
3.2.8 Complex Gaussian Variables ....................... 34
3.3 Likelihood-ratio Test ...................................................... 35
3.4 Parameter Estimation .................................................... 40
3.4.1 Variance of the Estimate and
Cramér-Rao Limit ........................................ 41
3.5 Estimation of a Signal .................................................... 45
3.5.1 Maximum-likelihood Estimation .................... 45
3.5.2 Signal Estimation with Least-meansquare
Error ................................................. 46
3.5.3 Interference Suppression by the
Inverse Covariance ...................................... 47
3.5.4 Improvement of Signal-to-noise-andinterference
Ratio (SNIR) ............................. 49
3.6 Summary ....................................................................... 49
3.7 References .................................................................... 50
4. Array Antennas ........................................................... 51
4.1 Array Factor ................................................................... 52
4.2 Array Parameters .......................................................... 57
4.2.1 Half-power Beamwidth ................................. 58
4.2.2 Bandwidth Limitation with Phase
Steering ....................................................... 58
4.2.3 Antenna Element Spacing Without
Grating Lobes .............................................. 60
Contents ix
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4.2.4 Gain of Regularly Spaced Planar
Arrays with d = λ/2 ....................................... 61
4.2.5 Reduction of Sidelobes by Tapering ............ 61
4.3 Circular Array ................................................................. 64
4.4 Phase and Amplitude Errors ......................................... 65
4.5 Architectures of Passive and Active Array
Antennas ........................................................................ 71
4.5.1 Comparison of Efficiency for Active and
Passive Arrays ............................................. 75
4.5.2 Radar Equation for Active Arrays ................. 75
4.6 Concepts for an Extended Field of View ....................... 76
4.6.1 Volume Array for Complete Azimuth
Coverage ..................................................... 77
4.7 Monitoring of Phased-array Antennas .......................... 79
4.7.1 Antenna Measurement ................................. 80
4.7.2 Transmit/Receive Module (TRM)
Monitoring .................................................... 81
4.8 Appendix: Taylor and Bayliss Weighting ....................... 83
4.9 References .................................................................... 85
5. Beamforming ............................................................... 87
5.1 Single Receiving Beam ................................................. 89
5.1.1 RF Beamforming .......................................... 89
5.1.2 Subarrays and Partial Digital
Beamforming ............................................... 89
5.1.3 Dynamic Range Requirements .................... 91
5.1.4 Subarray Configuration for Digital Sum
and Difference Beamforming ....................... 92
5.1.5 Correction of Antenna Failures .................... 96
5.1.6 Digital Beamforming at Element Level ......... 97
5.2 Broadband Beamforming .............................................. 97
x Contents
This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.
5.3 Multiple Beams .............................................................. 101
5.3.1 RF Multiple Beamforming ............................. 102
5.3.2 RF Multiple Beamforming Using
Subarrays .................................................... 103
5.3.3 IF Multiple Beamforming by a Resistive
Network ....................................................... 104
5.3.4 Baseband Multiple Beamforming ................. 104
5.3.5 Time-multiplex Beamforming for
Arbitrary Directions ...................................... 104
5.3.6 Digital Multiple Beamforming Using
Subarrays .................................................... 104
5.3.7 Multiple Beam Cluster for Target
Search ......................................................... 106
5.4 Deterministic Spatial Filtering ........................................ 107
5.5 References .................................................................... 109
6. Sampling and Digitisation of Signals ........................ 111
6.1 Analytical Signal ............................................................ 111
6.2 Sampling and Interpolation ............................................ 114
6.3 Extraction of the Components I and Q in Digital
Format ............................................................................ 116
6.4 Third-order Intercept Point (TOI) and Dynamic
Range ............................................................................ 121
6.5 References .................................................................... 123
7. Pulse Compression with Polyphase Codes ............. 125
7.1 Introduction .................................................................... 125
7.2 Requirements and Basic Structure for Pulse
Compression .................................................................. 126
7.3 Binary Phase Codes ...................................................... 127
7.4 Polyphase Code as an Approximation of Linear
Frequency Modulation ................................................... 128
Contents xi
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7.5 Reduction of Range Sidelobes ...................................... 133
7.5.1 Application of a Weighting Function ............. 133
7.5.2 Application of a Mismatched
LS Filter ....................................................... 135
7.5.3 Application of an Estimation Filter ................ 138
7.6 Reduction of Sidelobes by a Phase Code from
Nonlinear Frequency Modulation .................................. 138
7.7 Complementary Codes .................................................. 143
7.8 Polyphase Code with Periodic Repetition ..................... 144
7.9 Pulse Eclipsing .............................................................. 145
7.10 High Range Resolution by Oversampling and LS
Pulse Compression ....................................................... 146
7.10.1 Calculation of the Filter Function for
Pulse Compression ...................................... 148
7.10.2 Subpulse Filter ............................................. 148
7.10.3 Gain or SNR Loss ........................................ 149
7.10.4 Pulse Compression of Simulated
Signals ......................................................... 149
7.10.5 Compression of Measured Echo
Signals ......................................................... 151
7.11 Conclusions ................................................................... 153
7.12 References .................................................................... 154
8. Detection of Targets by a Pulse Series ..................... 155
8.1 Filter against Fixed Clutter ............................................. 157
8.2 Doppler Filter Processor ................................................ 160
8.3 Adaptive Suppression of Weather Clutter ..................... 163
8.3.1 Computation of the Gain .............................. 165
8.3.2 Evaluation of Experimental
Signals ......................................................... 167
8.4 Suppression of Sea Clutter ........................................... 169
xii Contents
This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.
8.5 Estimation of Doppler Frequency .................................. 173
8.5.1 Accuracy of Doppler Estimation by
Cramér-Rao Bound ...................................... 176
8.5.2 Simplified Doppler Estimator ........................ 177
8.6 Coherent Detection with Long Pulse Series ................. 178
8.6.1 Variable Doppler Frequency of the
Target Signal ............................................... 178
8.6.2 Coherent Test Function for Long Echo
Series .......................................................... 180
8.6.3 Comparison of Detection Performance
of the Filter Bank and ACE Test for
LFM Doppler Signals ................................... 182
8.7 Conclusions ................................................................... 184
8.8 References .................................................................... 185
9. Sequential Detection .................................................. 187
9.1 Incoherent Detection ..................................................... 189
9.2 Multiple Range Elements .............................................. 190
9.2.1 Independent Test of All Range
Elements ...................................................... 190
9.2.2 Common Test for All Range Elements ......... 191
9.2.3 Combined Test with Range-dependent
Design Signal ............................................... 191
9.2.4 Comparison of the Test for Multiple
Range Cells with the Fixed Sample
Size Test ...................................................... 193
9.2.5 Sequential Detection with a Filter for
the Rejection of Stationary Clutter ............... 194
9.3 Coherent Test Function ................................................. 195
9.3.1 Test Function with Autocorrelation
Estimates (ACE) .......................................... 196
Contents xiii
This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.
9.3.2 Sequential Test Function with
Autocorrelation Estimates ............................ 196
9.3.3 Simulation Studies for a Comparison of
Incoherent and Coherent Sequential
Tests ............................................................ 201
9.3.4 Gain Comparison of the Coherent
Sequential and Fixed Sample Size
Test ............................................................. 204
9.3.5 Extension for Multiple Range
Elements ...................................................... 205
9.3.6 Variable Doppler Frequency of the
Target Signal ............................................... 208
9.4 Comparison of Detection Procedures ........................... 208
9.5 Adaptation to the Noise Level and Energy
Management .................................................................. 209
9.6 Sequential Test for Long Signal Series ......................... 210
9.6.1 Sequential Test with Coherent
Sections ....................................................... 211
9.6.2 Simulation Studies ....................................... 212
9.7 Experimental System ..................................................... 215
9.8 Conclusions ................................................................... 218
9.9 References .................................................................... 219
10. Adaptive Beamforming for Jammer
Suppression ................................................................ 221
10.1 Deterministic Generation of Pattern Notches ................ 223
10.1.1 LMS Weighting ............................................ 224
10.1.2 Multiple Beam Approach .............................. 226
10.1.3 Limit for Number of Notches ........................ 227
10.2 Adaptive Jammer Suppression ..................................... 228
10.2.1 Optimal Processing ...................................... 229
10.2.2 Illustration with a Model ............................... 230
xiv Contents
This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.
10.2.3 Orthogonalisation and Eigenmatrix
Projection ..................................................... 231
10.3 Antenna Architecture for Adaptation ............................. 234
10.3.1 Adaptation Before Beamforming .................. 234
10.3.2 Adaptive Beamforming with
Subarrays .................................................... 235
10.4 Adaptation Algorithms ................................................... 236
10.4.1 Sample Matrix Estimation ............................ 236
10.4.2 Projection Methods ...................................... 237
10.4.3 Channel Errors ............................................. 239
10.4.4 Weighted Projection: Lean Matrix
Inversion Method ......................................... 242
10.5 Realisation Aspects ....................................................... 244
10.6 Experiments with the ELRA System ............................. 245
10.7 Conclusions ................................................................... 250
10.8 References .................................................................... 251
11. Monopulse Direction Estimation ............................... 253
11.1 Likelihood Direction Estimation ..................................... 253
11.2 Experimental Monopulse Correction for Failing
Elements ........................................................................ 258
11.3 Variance of Monopulse Estimate .................................. 260
11.4 Monopulse Correction against Jamming ....................... 266
11.4.1 Correction with Likelihood Estimation .......... 267
11.4.2 Correction in Expectation ............................. 270
11.4.3 Statistical Performance Analysis of
Estimation .................................................... 275
11.5 Polarisation Independence ............................................ 279
11.6 Indication of Multiple Targets ........................................ 279
11.7 Conclusions ................................................................... 280
11.8 References .................................................................... 281
Contents xv
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12. Superresolution in Angle ........................................... 283
12.1 Introduction .................................................................... 283
12.2 Parametric Estimation ................................................... 284
12.2.1 Resolution Limit from Cramér-Rao
Inequality ..................................................... 292
12.3 Experimental Verification of
Superresolution .............................................................. 295
12.4 Resolution by Angular Spectral Estimation
Algorithms ...................................................................... 298
12.4.1 Resolution and the Dimension of the
Signal Subspace .......................................... 300
12.4.2 Estimation of the Signal Subspace
Dimension .................................................... 302
12.5 Conclusions ................................................................... 305
12.6 References .................................................................... 305
13. Space-time Adaptive Processing .............................. 309
13.1 Introduction .................................................................... 309
13.2 Doppler-shifted Clutter Spectrum .................................. 309
13.3 Space-time Processing ................................................. 312
13.4 Necessary Degrees of Freedom ................................... 315
13.5 Suboptimal Concept with FIR Filter: Reduction of
Time Dimension ............................................................. 317
13.6 Suboptimal Concept with Subarrays: Reduction of
Spatial Dimension .......................................................... 319
13.7 Adaptive Processing ...................................................... 323
13.8 Sideways-looking Radar ................................................ 325
13.9 Conclusions ................................................................... 326
13.10 References .................................................................... 326
xvi Contents
This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.
14. Synthetic Aperture Radar with Active Phased
Arrays .......................................................................... 329
14.1 Basic Principle of SAR ................................................... 329
14.2 Problems of Moving-target Detection and
Location ......................................................................... 335
14.3 Clutter Suppression with Multichannel Array
Radar ............................................................................. 336
14.4 Target Location .............................................................. 343
14.5 SAR/MTI Processing ..................................................... 343
14.6 Jammer Suppression ..................................................... 345
14.7 Object Height by Interferometry .................................... 347
14.8 Experimental System AER and Results ........................ 350
14.9 Summary and Motivation for SAR with Active
Phased-array Antennas ................................................. 352
14.10 References .................................................................... 355
15. Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) ................. 357
15.1 Introduction: Basic Principles ........................................ 357
15.2 Synthetic Aperture and Beamforming by Target
Motion ............................................................................ 359
15.3 Target Cross-range Image ............................................ 360
15.4 Focusing ........................................................................ 362
15.4.1 Range Focusing and Range Walk ................ 362
15.4.2 Focusing with Straight-line
Assumption .................................................. 364
15.4.3 Focusing for Arbitrary Flight Paths ............... 365
15.5 High Range Resolution ................................................. 372
15.6 Alternative Image Planes .............................................. 376
15.7 Conclusions ................................................................... 377
15.8 References .................................................................... 377
Contents xvii
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16. Target Classification .................................................. 379
16.1 Fluctuation Effects ......................................................... 379
16.2 Doppler Spectrum Evaluation ....................................... 382
16.3 References .................................................................... 389
17. Experimental Phased-array System ELRA ............... 391
17.1 System Overview ........................................................... 392
17.2 Antenna Parameter Selection ....................................... 394
17.3 Antenna Elements and Modules ................................... 396
17.4 Antenna Control and Monitoring ................................... 399
17.5 Radar Functions and Waveforms of the ELRA
System ........................................................................... 404
17.5.1 Available Codes and Transmit Pulses .......... 406
17.5.2 Time Budget for a Parameter Example ........ 407
17.6 Digital Signal Processing ............................................... 409
17.7 Array Signal Processing ................................................ 412
17.8 Control System, Operation and Display of
Functions and Results ................................................... 412
17.9 Experiments with ELRA ................................................. 417
17.10 Conclusions ................................................................... 417
17.11 References .................................................................... 418
18. Floodlight Radar Concept (OLPI) .............................. 419
18.1 Introduction .................................................................... 419
18.2 The Proposed Concept ................................................. 420
18.3 The Transmitter ............................................................. 421
18.4 The Receiving System .................................................. 421
18.5 Resolution Cell ............................................................... 424
18.6 The Phase Code ............................................................ 425
18.7 Signal Processing .......................................................... 426
18.8 Range Performance ...................................................... 428
xviii Contents
This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.
18.9 Coherent and Sequential Test Function with
ACE ................................................................................ 429
18.10 OLPI and Multifunction Radar ....................................... 430
18.11 Experimental Results ..................................................... 431
18.12 Detection and Classification of Hovering
Helicopters ..................................................................... 432
18.12.1 Classification by Flash Period ...................... 436
18.12.2 ISAR Image and Spectrum of Rotor
Blades .......................................................... 437
18.13 Spatial Coding ............................................................... 439
18.14 Summary and Conclusions ........................................... 445
18.15 References .................................................................... 446
19. System and Parameter Considerations .................... 449
19.1 Parameter Selection for Search and Tracking .............. 449
19.1.1 Search Period .............................................. 450
19.1.2 False-alarm Probability ................................ 454
19.1.3 Beam Position Separation ............................ 455
19.1.4 Range Resolution ........................................ 455
19.1.5 Tracking Parameters .................................... 456
19.2 Search Procedure .......................................................... 458
19.3 References .................................................................... 459
Glossary ............................................................................. 467
Index ................................................................................... 471

[ 本帖最后由 drjiachen 于 2008-12-31 10:25 编辑 ]

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Radar Techniques Using Array Antennas.part1

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[ 本帖最后由 drjiachen 于 2008-12-31 10:12 编辑 ]

Radar Techniques Using Array Antennas.part2-4

[ 本帖最后由 drjiachen 于 2008-12-31 10:11 编辑 ]

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书名Radar Techniques Using Array Antennas (FEE Radar, Sonar, Navigation ......)
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drjiachen 于 2008-12-31 10:12 编辑

Wiley.Interscience.Radar.Signals.Jun.2004.eBook-Revised by MWHRF

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