Space Based Radar: 0.jpg

本帖最后由 qche111 于 2009-5-21 21:47 编辑

[size=120%]Space Based Radar
By S. Unnikrishna Pillai, Ke Yong Li, Braham Himed

Publisher:   McGraw-Hill Professional

Number Of Pages:   434

Publication Date:   2007-12-20

ISBN-10 / ASIN:   0071497560

ISBN-13 / EAN:   9780071497565

Binding:   Hardcover


Product Description:

The First Comprehensive Guide to the Principles, Design Methods, and Applications of Space Based Radar
Turn to Space Based Radar for authoritative information on the latest developments in Space Based Radar (SBR), covering fundamental principles, cutting-edge design methods, and several new applications. This SBR guide focuses on clutter and target data generation from an SBR platform, and on Space Time Adaptive Processing (STAP) to enhance the target detection and the clutter cancellation capabilities of the radar system.
Designed to save you hours of research time and effort, this one-stop resource explores the full range of SBR topics, including SBR footprint and range foldover phenomenon…Doppler shift that accounts for Earth's rotation…terrain modeling…STAP algorithms for enhanced target detection…and much more. Packed with over 250 full-color illustrations, Space Based Radar features:

Complete coverage of the technical issues associated with SBR and their impact on system performance
• Website contains more than 250 PowerPoint slides for self-study or lectures, and problems and solutions. Inside This Pioneering SBR Sourcebook
  • Introducing Space Based Radar • The Conics • Two Body Orbital Motion and Kepler's Laws • SBR Kinematics • Space Time Adaptive Processing for Space Based Radar • Performance Analysis Using Cramer-Rao Bounds • Waveform Diversity
  
  
  
  Summary: detailed discussions
  Rating: 4
  Perhaps you can think of this book as a nice extension of classical orbital mechanics. Unsurprisingly, there is a heavy mathematical bent throughout the book. The usage of space based radar requires a recap of Keplerian laws and orbital motion of satellites.
  
  The motion of a satellite also means that its scanning footprint of the Earth's surface has nontrivial geometries. Plus, the velocity itself induces Doppler effects, the so-called crab angle and crab magnitude. Another correction explained is due to the non-sphericity of the Earth, which necessitates a grazing angle correction factor.
  
  Another subject taking up extensive discussion is the data collection and processing. There might be a spatial array of sensors scattered across space, for example. The use of multiple sensors has considerable advantages over a single sensor, in terms of resolution and redundancy. Weighed against the extra cost, of course.

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Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 The Radar Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Notations and Matrix Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.1 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.2 Hermitian Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.3 Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.3.4 Schur, Kronecker, and Khatri-Rao Products . . . . . 17
1.3.5 Matrix Inversion Lemmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Appendix 1-A: Line Spectra and Singular Covariance
Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2 The Conics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.1 What Is a Conic? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.1.1 Ellipse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.1.2 Parabola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.1.3 Hyperbola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.2 The Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Appendix 2-A: Spherical Triangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3 Two Body Orbital Motion and Kepler’s Laws . . . . . . . 51
3.1 Orbital Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.1.1 The Motion of the Center of Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.1.2 Equations of Relative Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.2 Kepler’s Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.3 Synchronous and Polar Orbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.4 Satellite Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Appendix 3-A: Kepler’s Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Appendix 3-B: Euler’s Equation and the Identification
of Comets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Appendix 3-C: Lambert’s Equation for Elliptic Orbits . . . . . . . 74
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
v
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vi S p a c e B a s e d R a d a r
4 Space Based Radar—Kinematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.1 Radar-Earth Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.2 Maximum Range on Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.3 Mainbeam Footprint Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.4 Packing of Mainbeam Footprints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.5 Range Foldover Phenomenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.5.1 Mainbeam Foldover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.5.2 Total Range Foldover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.6 Doppler Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.7 Crab Angle and Crab Magnitude: Modeling
Earth’s Rotation for SBR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.7.1 Range Foldover and Crab Phenomenon . . . . . . . . 118
Appendix 4-A: Ground Range from Latitude and Longitude
Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Appendix 4-B: Nonsphericity of Earth and the Grazing
Angle Correction Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Appendix 4-C: Doppler Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Appendix 4-D: Oblate Spheroidal Earth and Crab
Angle Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
5 Space-Time Adaptive Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.1 Spatial Array Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.1.1 Why Use an Array? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.1.2 Maximization of Output SNR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.2 Space-Time Adaptive Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.3 Side-Looking Airborne Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.3.1 Minimum Detectable Velocity (MDV) . . . . . . . . . . 162
5.3.2 Sample Matrix Inversion (SMI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
5.3.3 Sample Matrix with Diagonal
Loading (SMIDL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
5.4 Eigen-Structure Based STAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
5.4.1 Brennan’s Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
5.4.2 Eigencanceler Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
5.4.3 Hung-Turner Projection (HTP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
5.5 Subaperture Smoothing Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
5.5.1 Subarray Smoothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
5.6 Subaperture Smoothing Methods for STAP . . . . . . . . . . . 183
5.6.1 Subarray Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
5.6.2 Subpulse Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
5.6.3 Subarry-Subpluse Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
5.7 Array Tapering and Covariance Matrix Tapering . . . . . 188
5.7.1 Diagonal Loading as Tapering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
C o n t e n t s vii
5.8 Convex Projection Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
5.8.1 Convex Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
5.8.2 Toeplitz Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
5.8.3 Positive-Definite Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5.8.4 Methods of Alternating Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
5.8.5 Relaxed Projection Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
5.9 Factor Time-Space Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
5.10 Joint-Domain Localized Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Appendix 5-A: Uniform Array Sidelobe Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
6 STAP for SBR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
6.1 SBR Data Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
6.1.1 Mainbeam and Sidelobe Clutter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
6.1.2 Ideal Clutter Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
6.2 Minimum Detectable Velocity (MDV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
6.3 MDV with Earth’s Rotation and Range Foldover . . . . . 234
6.4 Range Foldover Minimization Using Orthogonal
Pulsing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
6.5 Scatter Return Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
6.5.1 Terrain Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
6.5.2 ICM Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
6.6 MDV with Terrain Modeling andWind Effect . . . . . . . . 268
6.6.1 Effect ofWind on Doppler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
6.6.2 General Theory ofWind Damping Effect
on Doppler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
6.7 Joint Effect of Terrain, Wind, Range Foldover,
and Earth’s Rotation on Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
6.8 STAP Algorithms for SBR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Appendix 6-A: Matrix Inversion Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Appendix 6-B: Output SINR Derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Appendix 6-C: Spectral Factorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Appendix 6-D: Rational System Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
7 Performance Analysis Using Cramer-Rao
Bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
7.1 Cramer-Rao Bounds for Multiparameter Case . . . . . . . . 309
7.2 Cramer-Rao Bounds for Target Doppler and Power
in Airborne and SBR Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
7.3 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
viii S p a c e B a s e d R a d a r
8 Waveform Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
8.1 Matched Filter Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
8.1.1 Matched Filter Receivers in White Noise . . . . . . . 346
8.1.2 Matched Filter Receivers in Colored Noise . . . . . 353
8.2 Chirp and Pulse Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
8.3 Joint Transmitter–Receiver Design in Noise . . . . . . . . . . . 364
8.4 Joint Time Bandwidth Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Appendix 8-A: Transform of a Chirp Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
9 Advanced Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
9.1 An Infinitesimal Body Around Two Finite Bodies . . . . . 394
9.1.1 Particular Solutions of the Three-Body Problem 401
9.1.2 Stability of the Particular Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
9.1.3 Stability of Linear Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
9.1.4 Stability of Equilateral Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Appendix 9-A: Hill Sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

Space Based Radar - Theory and Application

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[ 本帖最后由 drjiachen 于 2008-12-31 10:39 编辑 ]

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