ELINT: The Interception and Analysis of Radar Signals:ELINT: The Interception and Analysis of Radar Signals (The Artech House Radar Library)
By Richard G. Wiley
Publisher: Artech House Publishers
Number Of Pages: 478
Publication Date: 2006-04-30
ISBN-10 / ASIN: 1580539254
ISBN-13 / EAN: 9781580539258
Binding: Hardcover
In these times correctly and quickly identifying a stray electronic blip on a radar screen can have incalculable consequences. Now more than ever, radar electronic intelligence (ELINT) can be the first line of defense for the battlefield or the homeland. Offering new insight into radar signal analysis, this book ensures more reliable and timely gathering of electronic intelligence. Combining and updating the author’s two previous definitive books on ELINT, this volume is the indispensable reference for every ELINT professional.
Starting with basic theory, it gives a comprehensive and integrated view of radar’s role in ELINT. The book explains how to identify different classes of radar signals and determine their source and location. It covers systems performance issues and evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of different systems configurations. The book also guides radar systems engineers through challenges of designing new generations of ELINT systems.
Summary: Review of ELINT by R.G. Wiley
Rating: 5
This is an excellent book - much more than just a compilation of Wiley’s earlier works on ELINT. This is also an excellent source for information on what drives and constrains radar design.
占位等待！:31bb :29bb :31bb
It is new book,just wait for download
Contents
Preface xiii
CHAPTER 1
Electronic Intelligence 1
1.1 Electronic Intelligence Defined 1
1.2 The Importance of Intercepting and Analyzing Radar Signals 2
1.3 Limitations Due to Noise 4
1.4 Probability of Intercept Problems 4
1.5 Direction Finding (DF) and Emitter Location 5
1.6 Inferring Radar Capabilities from Observed Signal Parameters 5
1.7 Receivers for Radar Interception 6
1.8 Major ELINT Signal Parameters 6
1.9 The Impact of LPI Radar on ELINT 7
References 8
CHAPTER 2
ELINT Implications of Range Equations and Radar Constraints 9
2.1 Range Equations 9
2.2 Radar Constraints 12
2.2.1 Range Resolution Related to Bandwidth 13
2.2.2 Spread Spectrum: Radar Versus Communications 14
2.2.3 Moving Targets and Integration Time Constraints 15
2.2.4 Constraints on Time-Bandwidth Product or Pulse Compression
Ratio 16
2.2.5 Constraints on Doppler Resolution 16
2.2.6 Frequency Agility 19
2.2.7 PRI Agility 19
2.2.8 Power Constraints 23
2.2.9 Pulse Compression Modulation Constraints 23
2.3 Some ELINT Implications of Future Radar Designs 23
2.3.1 Bistatic and Multistatic Radars 24
2.3.2 Radar Trends 24
2.3.3 Wideband Active Adaptive Array Radars 26
2.4 Summary of Radar Design Constraints and Trends 26
2.5 High-Power Microwave Weapons 27
References 28
v
vi Contents
CHAPTER 3
Characteristics of ELINT Interception Systems 29
3.1 Intercept System Characteristics and Functions 29
3.2 Frequency Coverage 30
3.3 Analysis Bandwidth 31
3.3.1 Wideband Radar Signal Trends 33
3.4 Dynamic Range 35
3.4.1 Dynamic Range Requirements 37
3.5 Sensitivity 39
3.5.1 Noise Figure Measurement 40
3.5.2 Y-Factor Measurement 41
3.5.3 Some Sensitivity Measures 43
3.5.4 Output SNR and Receiver Applications 44
3.5.5 Threshold Detection 45
3.5.6 Sensitivity and the Received Pulse Density 51
3.6 The Ultimate Limits to ELINT Parameter Measurements 52
3.7 ECM and ELINT Receivers 56
3.8 Crystal Video Receivers 56
3.8.1 Crystal Video Applications 59
3.8.2 Postdetection Signal Recording and Sorting 60
3.8.3 CV System Design Considerations 60
3.9 Superheterodyne Receivers 63
3.9.1 Superhet Performance 65
3.9.2 Sweeping Superhet Receivers 67
3.9.3 Tuning Considerations 70
3.9.4 Other Heterodyne Receivers 72
3.10 Instantaneous Frequency Measurement Receivers 74
3.10.1 Limiters Applied to IFMs 74
3.10.2 The Simultaneous Signal Problem 75
3.10.3 CW Signals and IFMs 81
3.10.4 Digitizing the IFM Output 82
3.11 Other Receivers 85
3.11.1 Channelized Receivers 85
3.11.2 Acousto-Optic (Bragg Cell) Receivers 89
3.11.3 Microscan Receivers 90
3.12 System Considerations 93
References 94
CHAPTER 4
Probability of Intercept 97
4.1 Background 97
4.2 Developments in the Theory Behind POI 98
4.2.1 Intercept Description 98
4.2.2 Implications of Today’s Environments/Operations on Intercept
Time 98
Contents vii
4.2.3 Mathematical Models 100
4.2.4 Recent Developments on POI 108
4.3 Summary 114
References 114
CHAPTER 5
Antennas and Direction Finders 117
5.1 Omni-Directional Antennas 117
5.1.1 Omni-Directional Antenna Applications 117
5.1.2 Parameters for Omni-Directional Antennas 118
5.2 Directional Intercept Antennas 121
5.3 Direction Finding 124
5.4 Instantaneous Direction Finding 126
5.4.1 Amplitude Comparison AOA Measurement 127
5.4.2 Phase Interferometers 131
5.4.3 Bearing Discriminators 139
5.5 Arrays, Lenses, and Subspace DF Methods 144
5.6 Short Baseline TDOA for AOA 145
References 147
CHAPTER 6
Emitter Location 149
6.1 Introduction 149
6.2 Emitter Location Estimation 150
6.3 Deriving the Location Covariance Matrix 152
6.4 Angle of Arrival Location Analysis 153
6.5 Time Difference of Arrival Location Analysis 155
6.6 Time/Frequency Difference of Arrival Location Analysis 159
6.7 Geometric Dilution of Precision 163
6.8 Incorporation of Measurement Error 164
6.9 Summary 167
References 168
CHAPTER 7
Estimating Power at the Transmitter 169
7.1 Power Estimation Through ELINT 169
7.2 Distance to the Horizon 170
7.3 ERP Errors Due to Antenna Pointing Errors 171
7.4 Estimating the Distance to the Radar 174
7.5 Multiple Signal and Multipath Problems 176
7.6 Summary of Power Measurement Requirements 178
7.7 Sample ERP Calculations 179
References 181
viii Contents
CHAPTER 8
Antenna Parameters 183
8.1 Polarization Defined 183
8.2 Elliptical Polarization 183
8.3 Stokes’ Parameters 185
8.4 Measuring Polarization 187
8.4.1 Polarization Pattern Method 188
8.4.2 Phase-Amplitude Method 189
8.4.3 Multiple Antenna Method 190
8.5 Cross-Polarization 191
8.6 Propagation Effects 194
8.7 System Aspects of Polarization 195
8.8 Antenna Beam Shape 196
8.9 Basic Antenna Pattern Relationships 197
8.10 Beam Patterns from ELINT 199
8.11 Beam Patterns of Array Antennas 205
8.12 Antenna Beam Summary 208
References 209
CHAPTER 9
LPI Radar and the Future of ELINT 211
9.1 What Is LPI Radar? 211
9.2 Radar and ELINT Detection of Signals 212
9.3 Matched Filter Theory 213
9.4 One Interception Strategy: Noncoherent Integration 213
9.5 ESM and Radar Range Compared 214
9.6 Some Pulse Compression Modulation Constraints 217
9.7 Interception Techniques Using the Envelope of the Received Signal 218
9.8 Narrowband Channels and Frequency Modulated Signals 222
9.9 Predetection Processing Methods to Detect Linear FM and Other LPI
Signals 226
9.10 ELINT Receiver Requirements for Interception of Low Peak Power
Signals 232
References 233
CHAPTER 10
Antenna Scan Analysis 235
10.1 Introduction 235
10.2 Some Principles of Searching 236
10.3 Relationships Among Scan Rate, Maximum Unambiguous Range,
and Energy on Target 237
10.4 Fan Beam Scanning: Circular and Sector 239
10.5 Pencil Beam Scanning: Raster, Helical, and Spiral 245
10.6 Tracking Scans and Monopulse 246
10.7 Electronic Scanning 251
10.8 Scan Measurement and Analysis Techniques 252
Contents ix
10.9 A Three-Dimensional Search Example 253
References 254
CHAPTER 11
Intrapulse Analysis 255
11.1 Introduction 255
11.2 Pulse Envelope Parameters 257
11.3 Envelope Parameter Measurements 258
11.3.1 Rise and Fall Times 260
11.4 Some Radar Performance Limits Related to Pulse Envelope 264
11.5 Multipath Effects 266
11.6 Intrapulse Frequency and Phase Modulation 268
11.6.1 Choosing the Receiver Bandwidth 271
11.7 Intentionally Modulated Pulses 272
11.8 Incidental Intrapulse Shape—Uses and Causes 275
11.9 Comparing Wave Shapes 278
References 280
CHAPTER 12
Pulse Repetition Interval Analysis 281
12.1 Introduction 281
12.2 Common PRI Categories 282
12.2.1 Constant PRI 282
12.2.2 Jittered PRIs 284
12.2.3 Dwell and Switch PRI 285
12.2.4 PRI Stagger 285
12.2.5 Sliding PRIs 286
12.2.6 Scheduled PRIs 286
12.2.7 Periodic PRI Variations 287
12.2.8 Pulse Groups 287
12.3 Time Interval Measurements 287
12.3.1 SNR Limitations 288
12.3.2 Limitations Due to Pulse Amplitude Changes 289
12.3.3 Improving Interval Measurements 292
12.3.4 Digital Thresholding 294
12.4 PRI Analysis Techniques 295
12.4.1 Raster Displays 296
12.4.2 PRI Sounds 297
12.5 PRI Analysis Theory and Practice 298
12.5.1 Statistical Techniques 300
12.5.2 Delta-T Histogram 303
12.6 Interpreting the Results 307
12.6.1 Delay Line PRI Generators 308
12.6.2 Crystal Oscillators and Countdown Circuits 308
12.7 PRI and Range Velocity Ambiguities 313
12.8 MTI Radar Blind Speeds 313
x Contents
12.9 Moving Target Detection 314
References 315
CHAPTER 13
Deinterleaving Pulse Trains 317
13.1 Pulse Sorting 317
13.2 PRI-Based Gating 319
13.3 Deinterleaving Algorithms 320
13.4 Delta-T Histogram Applied to Deinterleaving 322
13.5 The Pulse Train Spectrum 331
13.6 Combining Pulse Bursts 332
13.7 Raster Displays and Deinterleaving 333
13.8 Measuring Deinterleaver Performance 333
References 334
CHAPTER 14
Measurement and Analysis of Carrier Frequency 335
14.1 Pulsed Signal Carrier Frequency 335
14.1.1 Frequency Measurement Accuracies 335
14.1.2 Doppler Shifts 337
14.1.3 Drift Measurement 337
14.1.4 FM Ranging in Radar 338
14.2 Intrapulse Frequency or Phase Modulation 338
14.2.1 Analysis of Predetection Data 342
14.3 Coherence (Short-Term RF Stability) 342
14.3.1 RMS Phase Fluctuation 346
14.3.2 RMS Frequency Fluctuations 347
14.3.3 Signal Repeatability 350
14.3.4 Effects of Variations in t 0 352
14.3.5 Frequency-Domain Stability Measures 353
14.3.6 Bandwidth Limitations on Allan Variance Measurements 354
14.3.7 Noise Limitations on Allan Variance Measurements 356
14.3.8 Frequency Stability Measures for Power Law Spectra 357
14.3.9 Sinusoidal FM and Linear Frequency Drift 359
14.3.10 Short-Look Problem 359
14.4 Frequency Character of CW Signals 361
14.5 Pulsed Signal Example 361
14.6 Measuring Coherence 364
14.7 Effects of Drift 365
References 365
CHAPTER 15
Determining ELINT Parameter Limits 367
15.1 Introduction 367
15.2 Histograms Used to Determine Parameter Limits 367
15.3 Types of Histograms 370
Contents xi
15.4 Two-Sigma Parameter Limits 373
15.5 Histogram Analysis Techniques 375
15.5.1 Parameter Limits Example 375
15.5.2 Intercepts Separated into Accuracy Classes 377
15.5.3 Most Probable Values 378
15.6 Analysis Problems 379
15.6.1 Signal Identification Errors 379
15.6.2 Transforming Parameters and Their Accuracies 379
15.7 Histogram Analysis Summary 381
References 382
CHAPTER 16
ELINT Data Files 383
16.1 Introduction 383
16.2 Signal Identification 385
16.3 ELINT Data for Radar Warning Receiver Design 386
16.4 ELINT Data for Simulation and Training 388
16.5 Adding Non-ELINT Data 388
16.6 Summary 389
Reference 389
APPENDIX A
Spectrum Widths: 3-dB and First Nulls for Trapezoidal Pulses 391
A.1 Introduction 391
A.2 Rectangular Pulses 391
A.3 Trapezoidal Pulses: Equal Rise and Fall Times 391
A.4 Trapezoidal Pulses: Unequal Rise and Fall Times 393
APPENDIX B
Some ELINT Considerations of FM Signals 395
B.1 Introduction 395
B.2 Effects of Sinusoidal Interference on Phase- and Frequency-
Demodulated Signals 395
B.3 Signals with Sinusoidal Frequency Modulation 398
B.4 Carson’s Rule 400
B.5 Modification of Carson’s Rule for ELINT Applications 401
B.6 FM Demodulation Degradation by RF Band Limiting 403
B.7 Effects of Noise on FM Demodulated Signals 408
References 412
APPENDIX C
A Frequency Hop Radar Example 413
C.1 Probability That One or More Pulses Occur at the Desired Frequency 413
C.2 Probability That Exactly One Pulse Occurs at the Desired Frequency 414
C.3 Probability That Exactly k Pulses Occur at the Desired Frequency 415
xii Contents
C.4 Probability That Several Pulses Occur at the Desired Frequency Less
Than G Pulses Apart 415
C.5 Probability Distribution of the Interval Between Two Pulses 418
C.6 Determining an Optimum Receiver Sweep Rate 427
APPENDIX D
History and Fundamentals of the IFM 429
D.1 The Broadband Microwave Frequency Discriminator 433
References 439
APPENDIX E
Emitter Location Partial Derivatives 441
About the Author 445
Index 447
ELINT The Interception and Analysis of Radar Signals.part1
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[ 本帖最后由 drjiachen 于 2008-12-23 23:42 编辑 ]
ELINT The Interception and Analysis of Radar Signals.part2-4
[ 本帖最后由 drjiachen 于 2008-12-23 23:45 编辑 ]
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The Interception and Analysis of Radar Signals [修改]
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ELINT: The Interception and Analysis of Radar Signals: ELINT The Interception and Analysis of Radar Signals.part2.rar
